The aim of the research was to assess the effects of physical activity of various intensity on the degree of damage to certain organs resulting from increased free radical production, as well as the adaptability of the organism to physical exercise.Two groups of healthy 3-5-year-old full-blooded racehorses were assessed. The first one ran a 2400-meter gallop race, which is considered a short-lasting, intense physical activity; lipid status was assessed prior to, and 48 and 72 h after the race. The second group ran a forty-kilometer endurance ride, which is a long-lasting moderate physical activity; the lipid status was assessed immediately before, on finishing and 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after the race. The total activity of LDH changed 72 h and 96 h following the gallop race (p>0.05), whilst the maximum activity was measured immediately after the endurance ride. By means of electrophoresis LDH in all the horses 5 isoforms were detected. The activity of LDH1 72 h after the gallop race significantly rose in comparison to the one before the race (p<0.05), whilst the activity of all other isoenzymes, LDH2-LDH5, did not change significantly (p>0.05). Following the endurance ride LDH1 activity rose at all sampling times, reaching the maximum at 96 h and 144 h in comparison to the values both before and on finishing the ride (p<0.01). The increase in the activity of LDH2 was significantly higher 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 120 h (p<0.05) after the race in comparison to that before the race, and at 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h and 144 h (p<0.05) in comparison to the values on finishing the race. LDH3 activity significantly decreased and LDH5 rose immediately after the endurance ride (p<0.01), whilst LDH4 significantly rose at all times following the endurance ride (p<0.01). The CK activity pointed to high, medium and low degree of adaptation of horses to physical activity. 550The concentrations of total proteins, albumins and globulins remained within the physiological range at all sampling times, with the exception of 96 h after the endurance ride, when the fall in albumin concentration was significant (p<0.01).Long-lasting physical activity of low intensity leads to cellular damage in the myocardium, muscles, liver and to hypoalbuminaemia, which is a consequence of free radical production.

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The aim of this report was to study the biochemical parameters in sheep blood under conditions of various intensities of parasitic infection with Strongyloides papillosus, as well as after therapy with albendazole (ABZ). Investigations were performed on sheep of the Würtemberg race (n = 30) in which were detected mild, moderate and high intensities of parasitic infection with S. papillosus. The control group (n = 10) was composed of sheep negative to parasitic infections. The degree and type of changes were monitored by determining the concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, A/G ratio, AST, urea, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, total LDH activity and isoenzymatic LDH 1-5 distributions.On the basis of the obtained results, we determined, through isoenzymatic LDH distribution, that during parasitic infection with S. papillosus, there is ongoing damage to the liver, heart muscle and lung, while after therapy with ABZ, the liver suffers the most damage. The concentration of glucose, total proteins and albumin fell linearly with the rise in the intensity of parasitic infection (p<0.05), while after therapy with ABZ, the fall of these parameters was at a statistically significantly higher level (p<0.01). The activity of AST, concentration of urea and total bilirubin also rose linearly with the intensity of parasitic infection (p<0.05). After therapy with ABZ, the activity of AST and the concentration of total bilirubin were at a statistically significantly higher level (p<0.001), while the concentration of urea retained the same levels as in the case of parasitic infection. Values of calcium concentrations (p>0.05) and phosphorus (p<0.05) also fall linearly with the rise of the intesity of the parasitic infection. The trend in the concentration fall of these macroelements, continues also after treatment with albendazole (p<0.001). Having in mind our previous studies in the field of oxidative stress and phenomena lying behind these changes, we acta veterinaria (beograd), vol. 63, No. 5-6, 581-600, 2013. 582 strongly recommend that in antiparasitic treatment protocols, beside antihelminthics, compounds with antioxidative properties should also be used.

The aim of this study was to examine the biochemical components and the parameters of antioxidant protection in the seminal plasma (SP) of boars, as well as their relationship with semen quality parameters. Thirty-six boars were included in the study, whose ejaculates were divided into two groups: Group I (good quality semen, > 70% progressively motile sperm, n = 16), and Group II (poor quality semen, < 70% progressively motile sperm, n = 20). Signi cantly higher concentrations of ionized calcium (iCa), total cholesterol (TC), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, as well as signi cantly higher values of antioxidant protection parameters: thiol groups (-SH), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ) were found in the good quality semen, while higher phosphorus (P) concentrations and increased alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) activity were found in the semen of poor quality. A negative correlation of total and progressive sperm motility with P and ALP was found in all examined semen samples, while a positive correlation was found with PON1 and TAC. The percentage of fast sperm cells positively correlated with iCa, chlorine (Cl), lactate, LDH and TAC, while a negative correlation was found with P, magnesium (Mg) and the enzyme creatine-kinase (CK). The percentage of immobile sperm positively correlated with P and ALP, and negatively correlated with TC, CK, PON1 and TAC. Elevated values of PON1 and TAC in SP and a positive correlation with sperm motility indicate the possible use of these parameters as sensitive biomarkers of boar semen quality.

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