Background: The ginseng ginsenosides, which have various physiological activities, are known to be more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and the consumers' interest in ginseng sprout as a functional vegetable has been increasing. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth period on growth properties, active ingredients and rheology of ginseng sprouts cultivated in a non-heated greenhouse equipped with a shade net for 60 days, starting from the end of May to the middle of July. The chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased, but their length and width increased with increasing cultivation days. In particular, growth increased significantly until 40 days, but only slightly after 50 days. The stem length did not increase greatly from the 20 th to the 30 th day of cultivation, but increased significantly from the 30 th to the 40 th day, and then further increased gradually. The weight of the leaves, stems, and roots increased slightly, but not change significantly. After 40 days of cultivation, the total ginsenoside content increased by 1.07 times in the leaves and decreased by 0.80 times in the roots with increasing cultivation days. The leaf contents of ginsenosides Rg 1 , Re, Rb 1 , Rc, F 3 and F 4 increased with increasing cultivation days. The rheological properties of ginseng sprout showed the greatest influence on stem hardening with increasing cultivation days. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the growth characteristics, active ingredients and physical properties, 40 days after sowing was considered to be an appropriate harvesting time for ginseng sprouts.
: This study was carried to investigate the effect of illite addition on the growth, bioactive components and volatile compounds of leaf on Saururus chinensis Baill cultivation in greenhouse. Illite addition on Saururus chinensis Baill cultivation resulted no significant effects on the aerial part. However, the root part was highest in 5% illite addition group. Crude oil and ash amount increased as illite additives was increased. Ca of inorganics and free sugars contents were highest in 5% and 20% illite addition, respectively. Hyperoside and isoquercetin of available component on leaf were highest in 5% illite addition group, 4.02 ㎎/g and 4.31 ㎎/g, respectively. The volatile compounds in Saururus chinensis Baill leaf cultured with illite addition amounts were isolated by solid-phase microextraction fiber (polydimethysiloxane 65 ㎛) and identifed by gas chromatogtaphy mass spectrometry. As the results, the 22 volatile compounds were identified from in Saururus chinensis Baill leaf and major volatile compounds were the α-cadinol (18.50%), myristicin (16.46%), methyl-9-methyl-tetradecanoate (10.22%), and γ-muurolene (9.75%). Especially, the content of α-cadinol was highest in 5% illite addition group and γ-muurolene on overall illite addition group was lower than no addition group.
: Anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts of ginseng berry (GBE) was investigated through the evaluation of its inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory meditator, nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrocis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. GBE was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, buthanol and H 2 O, sequentially. RAW264.7 cells were induced 100 ng/㎖ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with 0, 1.6, 8, 40 and 200 ㎍/㎖ of GBE fractions. LPS-induced NO production on all of GBE fractions was inhibited with increasing added concentration of GBE fractions. Chloroform fraction of GBE was the most effective in inhibiting LPSinduced TNF-α production. Hexane, chloroform and H 2 O fractions of GBE exhibit strong inhibition LPS-induced IL-6 production. Especially, H 2 O fractions of GBE was the most effective in inhibiting LPD-induced IL-6 production without significant cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells, and reduced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and IkB phosphorylation. These results indicate that H 2 O fractions of GBE exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects by inhibition of NF-kB by inhibition of p-38 on MAPK and IkB phosphorylation.
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