Eutrophication is a worldwide problem in aquatic ecosystems and cyanobacterial blooms can cause severe water quality deterioration due to toxin production, hypoxia, off-flavor problems that lead to illness in animals and humans [1][2][3]. Therefore, the removal of harmful cyanobacterial blooms is a crucial step for the maintenance of safe water supplies and for the safety of aquatic products [4]. Recent years have seen many studies relating to the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from aquatic plants [5][6][7][8], while the algicidal properties of terrestrial plants still get less attention [9]. Up to now, the extracts of many terrestrial plants also show inhibitory effects against cyanobacteria, such as barley straw [10][11][12][13], Chinese traditional medicines [9,14,15], and so on.Pomegranate (Punicagranatum), belonging to the family Punicaceae [16], is one of the oldest edible fruits. It has been cultivated extensively in Mediterranean countries, Iran, India, and to some extent in the U.S. (California), China, Japan, and Russia [17]. Pomegranate peels and seeds Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 4 (2015), 1803-1807 AbstractMany studies have involved the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from aquatic plants, but the algicidal properties of terrestrial plants have received less attention. This study aims to identify allelochemicals of ethyl acetate extracts from three plant materials (shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, pomegranate seed) and to investigate their inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate extracts of the three plant materials were identified by GC-MS. Finally, 19 kinds of compounds (including organic acids, ester, ketone, sterol, etc.) were obtained and eight kinds of organic acids and N-phenyl-2-Naphthalenamine were proved to be allelochemicals. The inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate extracts were also explored by M. aeruginosa bioassay. This showed that the inhibition percentages of ethyl acetate extracts of the three plant materials on the growth of M. aeruginosa were 43.9%, 47.5%, and 40.3%, respectively, when the algae were treated at a dosage of 20 mg/L extracts.Keywords: allelopathic effect, shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, pomegranate seed, Microcystis aeruginosa *e-mail: zhanglieyu@163.com **e-mail: shpcheng@foxmail.com DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/36986 as a byproduct of pomegranate processing are about 26-30%, 20% (w/w) of the whole fruit weight, respectively [18,19], and are a good source of secondary products such as tannins, organic acid, polyphenol, and alkaloids [20][21][22]. Shaddock, like other citrus fruits, has a small edible portion and large amounts of waste materials such as peels and seeds, and peels contain considerable phenolic compounds [23]. At present, the polyphenols have shown significant inhibition to the growth of harmful algae. Therefore, these previous results indicate that the shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, and pomegranate seed could be used as an algicide.The objectives of this study are to identify the alle...

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and longchain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega-3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

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An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of ascites syndrome (AS) on the growth performance and availability of dietary energy and nutrients in broilers. One hundred and twenty one-day-old avian broilers were randomly allotted into two groups (control group and test group) with six replications of ten birds. In the test group, the addition of 3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T 3 , 1.5 mg/kg diet) and low ambient temperature (LAT) were used to induce AS. Results showed that T 3 and LAT could successfully induce AS in broilers with an incidence rate of 66.7% and a mortality rate of 23.3%. Compared with the control, the bird growth performance of the test group was decreased (P<0.05) and heart index was increased (P<0.05). For the test group, the availability of dietary energy (P<0.01), crude fat (P<0.01), crude protein (P<0.05), and most amino acids in the second week were lower compared with the control group. Results showed that the low availability of energy and nutrients and the poor growth resulted from the high AS incidence rate.

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