Ferrate(VI) is a green and efficient water treatment agent for drinking and wastewater. It is widely used in water treatment because it has multi-functional uses such as oxidation, algae removal, disinfection, and adsorption flocculation. It does not cause secondary pollution to the environment. This paper compares ferrate(VI) with other water treatment agents and discusses three methods of preparing ferrate(VI). The removal, adsorption, and control of organic matter, algae, disinfection by-products, and heavy metal ions in water when ferrate(VI) was used as an oxidant, disinfectant, and coagulant were summarized. Ferrate(VI) has some advantages in removing toxic, harmful, and difficult-to-degrade substances from water. Due to the disadvantages of ferrate(VI) such as oxidation selectivity and instability, it is necessary to develop the hyphenated techniques of ferrate(VI). In this review, three hyphenated techniques of ferrate(VI) are summarized: ferrate(VI)–photocatalytic synergistic coupling, ferrate(VI)–PAA synergistic coupling, and ferrate(VI)–PMS synergistic coupling.
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are recognized as a new type of refractory organic pollutants. Due to the persistent environmental pollution, bioaccumulation, and biotoxicity of PFCs, they have received extensive attention in recent years. To deal with the environmental risks caused by PFCs, the pollution and distribution of PFCs in the aquatic environment are discussed in detail, mainly for the most widely used PFCs—perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The latest progress in the current processing technology of PFOA and PFOS is comprehensively introduced. It includes a variety of physical techniques to remove PFCs such as adsorption and flocculation. It has been confirmed that various adsorbents can play a key role in the enrichment and removal of PFCs through high specific surface area and hydrophobic interaction. In addition, traditional degradation processes are often unsatisfactory for PFCs, prompting the search for more efficient and cost-effective methods, with great progress having been made in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on radical decomposition of pollutants. This review also integrates multiple advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as photocatalysis, electrochemical processes, ozone, the Fenton process, and ultrasound. This paper provides an overview of the various PFCs removal techniques and discusses their efficacy. It also explores future possible developments for PFCs elimination technologies for water treatment.
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a novel type of environmental pollutant with a specific structure. PFCs have become a global concern due to their environmental persistence and biotoxicity properties. In this paper, we review the hazardous effects, detection technologies, and treatment methods of PFCs. We present the current status of PFCs pollution in water, the atmosphere, soil, and organisms. Moreover, we show that PFCs have toxic effects, such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Six sample pretreatment techniques and four assays for PFCs are listed in this paper. This review focuses on the analysis of the treatment methods for PFCs, such as physical adsorption, microbial degradation, photochemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, acoustic oxidation, Fenton oxidation, and so on. We systematically analyze the treatment effects, removal mechanisms, and future directions of various technologies to provide support and suggestions for PFCs pollution control technologies.
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