Antibiotics are highly effective bactericidal drugs that are widely used in human medicine, aquaculture and animal husbandry. Antibiotics enter the aquatic environment through various routes due to low metabolic levels and increased use. Not only are antibiotics inherently toxic, but the spread of potential drug resistance introduced has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the major threats and risks to global public health security. Therefore, how to efficiently remove antibiotics from water and eliminate the ecological safety hazards caused by antibiotics has been a hot topic in recent years. There are various research methods for decontaminating water with antibiotics. This paper reviews the research and application of various biological, physical, chemical methods and combined processes in antibiotic pollution control. Moreover, this paper describes the degradation mechanism, removal efficiency, influencing factors and technical characteristics of different antibiotics by various methods in detail. Finally, an outlook on future research in antibiotic removal is provided to help promote the development of antibiotic removal technology.
Ferrate(VI) is a green and efficient water treatment agent for drinking and wastewater. It is widely used in water treatment because it has multi-functional uses such as oxidation, algae removal, disinfection, and adsorption flocculation. It does not cause secondary pollution to the environment. This paper compares ferrate(VI) with other water treatment agents and discusses three methods of preparing ferrate(VI). The removal, adsorption, and control of organic matter, algae, disinfection by-products, and heavy metal ions in water when ferrate(VI) was used as an oxidant, disinfectant, and coagulant were summarized. Ferrate(VI) has some advantages in removing toxic, harmful, and difficult-to-degrade substances from water. Due to the disadvantages of ferrate(VI) such as oxidation selectivity and instability, it is necessary to develop the hyphenated techniques of ferrate(VI). In this review, three hyphenated techniques of ferrate(VI) are summarized: ferrate(VI)–photocatalytic synergistic coupling, ferrate(VI)–PAA synergistic coupling, and ferrate(VI)–PMS synergistic coupling.
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