As the mobile telecommunication systems are growing tremendously all over the world, the numbers of handheld and base stations are also rapidly growing and it became very popular to see these base stations distributed everywhere in the neighborhood and on roof tops which has caused a considerable amount of panic to the public in Palestine concerning wither the radiated electromagnetic fields from these base stations may cause any health effect or hazard. Recently UP High Court in India ordered for removal of BTS towers from residential area, it has created panic among cellular communication network designers too. Green cellular networks could be a solution for the above problem. This paper deals with green cellular networks with the help of multi-layer overlaid hierarchical structure (macro / micro / pico / femto cells). Macrocell for area coverage, micro for pedestrian and a slow moving traffic while pico for indoor use and femto for individual high capacity users. This could be the answer of the problem of energy conservation and enhancement of spectral density also.

Abstract-With the exponentially increasing demand for wireless communications the capacity of current cellular systems will soon become incapable of handling the growing traffic. Since radio frequencies are diminishing natural resources, there seems to be a fundamental barrier to further capacity increase. The solution can be found by using smart antenna systems.Smart or adaptive antenna arrays consist of an array of antenna elements with signal processing capability that optimizes the radiation and reception of a desired signal, dynamically. Smart antenna can place nulls in the direction of interferers via adapting adaptive updating of weights linked to each antenna element. They thus cancel out most of the cochannel interference resulting in better quality of reception and lower dropped calls. Smart antenna can also track the user within a cell via direction of arrival algorithms. This paper focuses on about the smart antenna in hierarchical cell clustering (overlay-underlay) with demand based frequency allocation techniques in cellular mobile radio networks in INDIA.

In the prevailing cellular environment, it is important to provide the resources for the fluctuating traffic demand exactly in the place and at the time where and when they are needed. In this paper, we explored the ability of hierarchical cellular structures with inter layer reuse to increase the capacity of mobile communication network by applying total frequency hopping (T-FH) and adaptive frequency allocation (AFA) as a strategy to reuse the macro and micro cell resources without frequency planning in indoor pico cells [11]. The practical aspects for designing macro-micro cellular overlays in the existing big urban areas are also explained [4]. Femto cells are inducted in macro / micro / pico cells hierarchical structure to achieve the required QoS cost effectively.

3D Video Dolly system is designed by using PLC and SCADA to capture the picture by placing multiple cameras at different angle around the object. The entire camera motion (rotary and linear motion) is achieved by motors which are controlled by direction Controller circuit (designed by 8-pin and 5-pin relay) and programmed on Micrologix 1000 using RSlogix 500 Software and SCADA system with RSView32. The time-lapse photography technique is used to manipulate the time to speed up processes. The Complete Automatic Video Dolly system allows us to see the progress of object faster than actual time.