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The widespread occurrence of infections from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem. It has been amplified over the past few years due to the increase in adaptive traits in bacteria and lack of advanced treatment strategies. Because of the low bioavailability and limited penetration at infected sites, the existing antibiotics often fail to resist bacterial growth. Recently, developed stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems and combinatorial therapeutic systems based on nanoparticles, metal−organic frameworks, hydrogels, and organic chromophores offer the ability to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics by reducing drug resistance and other side effects. These therapeutic systems have been designed with the relevant chemical and physical properties that respond to specific triggers resulting in spatiotemporal controlled release and site-specific transportability. This review highlights the latest development of single and dual/multistimuli-responsive antibiotic delivery systems for combination therapies to treat MDR bacterial infections and biofilm eradication.

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The compatibility and growth performance of silver barb Puntius gonionotus (Barbonymous gonionotus) with the three Indian major carps, i.e., Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, were assessed in a 10-month carp polyculture trial. Treatments T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4 were stocked with three of the above four carp species, with an absence of silver barb, mrigal, rohu and catla, respectively, while all four species were stocked in treatment T-5. The treatments were stocked at 6000 ¢ngerlings ha À1 , with an equal species ratio maintained in each treatment. Incorporation of silver barb into the polyculture system neither a¡ected the survival of any carp irrespective of species combination nor yielded signi¢cant changes in biomass production among treatments, except for the one without catla, where it was signi¢cantly low. The study revealed a higher extent of competition between silver barb and rohu, perceptible from the lower growth of one in the presence of the other. Although a certain level of competition of silver barb with mrigal was evident, competition with catla was not perceptible. Irrespective of species combination with silver barb as a component species, similar total biomass production in treatments revealed the feasibility of its incorporation into the Indian major carp-based polyculture practice without a¡ecting the total yield. Ã Values of di¡erent parameter recorded in replicate ponds during 10-month period are expressed as the mean AE SD. Aquaculture Research, 2007, 38, 1061^1065 Grow-out culture of silver barb J Jena et al. r 2007 The Authors Journal Compilation r 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aquaculture Research, 38, 1061^1065 Means bearing di¡erent superscripts in a column di¡er signi¢cantly (Po0.05). Values are expressed as mean AE SD.Grow-out culture of silver barb J Jena et al.

The β-carboline moiety, substituted at the C1 and C3 benzylic positions with a leaving group, has been demonstrated for the first time as a photoremovable protecting group for time-dependent sequential release of two (same or different) carboxylic acids upon one- and two-photon light irradiation. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the electronic environment of the β-carboline moiety at C1 and C3 positions plays a key role in the rate of photorelease.

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