Recent Advances on Stimuli-Responsive Combination Therapy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Biofilm

Abstract

The widespread occurrence of infections from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem. It has been amplified over the past few years due to the increase in adaptive traits in bacteria and lack of advanced treatment strategies. Because of the low bioavailability and limited penetration at infected sites, the existing antibiotics often fail to resist bacterial growth. Recently, developed stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems and combinatorial therapeutic systems based on nanoparticles, metal−organic frameworks, hydrogels, and organic chromophores offer the ability to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics by reducing drug resistance and other side effects. These therapeutic systems have been designed with the relevant chemical and physical properties that respond to specific triggers resulting in spatiotemporal controlled release and site-specific transportability. This review highlights the latest development of single and dual/multistimuli-responsive antibiotic delivery systems for combination therapies to treat MDR bacterial infections and biofilm eradication.

Advancements in antimicrobial nanoscale materials and self-assembling systems

“…26). We direct the reader to several detailed reviews in this area with specific focuses on: smart materials that respond to endogenous stimulus; 411,416 enzyme and pH based release of antimicrobial agents; 417 wound healing materials; 418 antimicrobial surface/implant coatings; [419][420][421] antimicrobial hydrogels; 422,423 metallic nanoparticle delivery systems and; 424,425 graphene oxide-based smart materials. 426 Herein, we summarize key examples within the field of triggered release materials that exemplify stimuli responsive nanoscale drug delivery systems that increase the efficiency of antibiotics, stimulate the immune system, overcome resistance, are activated selectively by specific pathogenic bacteria or act as antimicrobial coatings.…”

“…27 categorises by stimulus used, the relative percentage of triggered release drug delivery systems developed over the past ten years. 416 5.1. Triggered release of antimicrobial agents in research classified by stimulus 5.1.1.…”

“…Fig.27Articles published on stimuli responsive drug delivery for antibacterial treatment in last 10 years 416. …”

Microemulsion-Confined Assembly of Magnetic Nanoclusters for pH/H2O2 Dual-Responsive T2–T1 Switchable MRI

“…However, these probes often respond to single conditions, such as pH, , glutathione (GSH), and so forth, while their sizes are uncontrollable. Single-response probes easily interfered in the application of a practical biological system, resulting in more false signals. − For tumor detection, whether it is the high expression of GSH or some enzymes, high concentrations of H + and H 2 O 2 , or a unique hypoxic environment, these changes in conditions can be used to design multi-responsive MRI-targeted probes. − The multi-response targeting probe is helpful for further improving the performance and specificity of MRI in tumor detection. Therefore, we intend to design a pH/H 2 O 2 dual-response and size-controllable nanoprobe for tumor-specific detection.…”

Shape-Encoded Functional Hydrogel Pellets for Multiplexed Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria Using a Gas Pressure Sensor

“…P athogenic bacteria infection has become a global serious concern to human health since it causes many problems such as nosocomial infection, food poisoning, and medical facility contamination. 1 Establishing rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly methods for monitoring pathogenic bacteria is of great importance for improving public health and ensuring food safety. 2 Over past decades, various point-of-care testing (POCT) techniques have been employed to meet the requirements in pathogenic bacteria detection.…”