1. A survey of the incidence of goitre in Ceylon was carried out in the years 1947–9 and goitre was found to be endemic in the south-west sector of the Wet Zone of Ceylon.2. In response to a request by the Ceylon Government to the World Health Organization for advice, Dr Dagmar Wilson in 1950 confirmed our earlier findings and as a short-term policy recommended the provision of iodine as KI tablets to the stress groups in the Wet Zone. This was initiated in August 1951.3. A second survey was carried out in 1963 in nine of the villages in the Wet Zone that had been studied previously.4. Statistical analysis showed that the incidence had significantly increased amongst the females in all nine villages and amongst the males in two villages.5. A survey of the incidence amongst mothers attending antenatal clinics confirmed the existence of a strip of country where goitre was endemic.6. The critical level of iodine intake from drinking water below which goitre becomes endemic has been shown to be 10 μg/1.7. The low iodine content of the water in the Wet Zone has been shown to be due to the persistent heavy rainfall, associated with high drainage into the ocean, by which the soil is leached.8. The mean annual escape of water per square mile of a river basin (the yield factor) has been shown to be directly proportional to the intensity of endemic goitre in that basin.9. The aetiological factors related to the problem of goitre are discussed. The prophylactic method failed as it was not sustained.10. Iodization of kitchen salt is recommended for use by the general population. The amount of iodine added to the salt should not be great enough to produce any side-effects. Potassium iodate is suggested as the most suitable source of iodine for use in tropical regions with high humidity.
1. A comparative study of the iodine and calcium contents of diets in areas of Ceylon where goitre is endemic and non-endemic was carried out.2. The iodine content of food grown in non-endemic areas was, in most instances, considerably higher than in endemic areas.3. In endemic areas the daily average intake per person per day was well above the allowance of 100–150 μg recommended by most workers. The critical level of total daily iodine intake below which goitre becomes endemic in Ceylon was 400 μg. Possible reasons for this higher need of iodine are discussed.4. Addition of iodine to cooking salt has been used successfully to combat endemic goitre in many countries. The amount of iodine added is based on the degree of endemicity and the amount of salt consumed per person per day. It is suggested that the more important criteria which should determine the amount of iodine added to cooking salt are the dietary iodine content, the daily total intake of dietary iodine and particularly the level of iodine below which goitre becomes prevalent.
By reducing greenhouse gas emissions not only during construction of new infrastructure but also by extending the lifespan of existing assets, civil engineers play a vital role in contributing to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This paper focuses on how engineers in New Zealand have adopted clever yet elegant solutions to reuse, repurpose and revitalise existing transport structures in the past two decades. Case studies of road and rail bridges from Waka Kotahi New Zealand Transport Agency and KiwiRail network highlight the various challenges, solutions and lessons learned.
With a population of just 3.7 million, New Zealand is not exactly renowned for its traffic problems. However the economy of Auckland, its largest city, was starting to suffer from the global bane of traffic congestion and something had to be done. The first step towards a more integrated transport system was to return the main railway station back to the city centre site it vacated 65 years ago, only this time underground. By combining conventional materials with state-of-the-art design and construction methods, the project team was able to deliver a large, safe and attractive transport interchange within a very limited budget and time frame.
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