Epidermoid cyst of the testis is a benign, non-teratomatous tumour. It is often possible to make the diagnosis pre-operatively, combining typical sonographic features with normal biochemical tumour markers. The accurate pre-operative diagnosis will allow for testis-sparing surgery and prevent unnecessary orchiectomy. An 11-year-old boy with testicular epidermoid cyst who presented with pain in testis was presented in this report.

The presence of spina bifida occulta significantly affects the response to medical treatment in patients with PMNE. Thus, verifying spina bifida occulta status in PMNE can facilitate prognostic predictions about the response to medical treatment.

Background: To evaluate the impact of stone size, grade of hydronephrosis induced by the stone and skin to stone distance (SSD) on the shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) outcome in terms of SWL session and shock wave (SW) numbers in patients with ureteral stones.

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the ionizing radiation exposure in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study in which all patients presented with suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 were included. The study was carried out in a university-affiliated private hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. Biological radiation dose exposure (cumulative effective dose: CED) was evaluated in millisievert (mSv) units. Results A total of 1410 patients were included in the study. Of all study subjects, 804 patients (57%) underwent only one chest computed tomography (CT) procedure. Six hundred and six patients (43%) had two or more chest CT procedures. Median CED was 6.02 (min–max:1.67–16.27) mSv. The number of patients who were exposed to ≤ 5 mSv were 149 (24.6%), whereas 457 patients (75.4%) were exposed to >5 mSv. Conclusion The radiation exposure in COVID-19 patients seems unjustifiably high. Awareness should be increased as to the proper use of chest CT in COVID-19 as per to the society recommendations.

Seventy percent of ureteral stones are located at distal ureter. Effective and safe passage of distal ureter stones is mediated by observation or medical expulsive treatment. Most of stones located at distal ureter pass spontaneously under observation; however, some are complicated with urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis, and renal function disturbances. Spontaneous perforation of the upper ureter is a rare condition that poses diagnostic and therapeutic problems. This case is reported, because the patient developed an unexpected spontaneous renal pelvis rupture (SRPR), while she was under observation and expected to pass her right ureteral stone spontaneously through hydration and analgesic treatment.

Background High riding jugular bulb (HJB) is a vascular abnormality characterized by the higher-than-normal location of the jugular bulb. Purpose To evaluate the frequency of HJB among children who underwent cranial computed tomography (CT) mostly because of head trauma. Material and Methods Patient demographics such as age, sex, indication of cranial CT, diameters of the right and left JB, and presence and laterality of HJB were recorded and analyzed. Patients were grouped as with HJB and without HJB; the variables were compared between these two groups. Patients were also divided into age groups as 0–1 month, 1–12 months, 12–24 months, and >24 months and the findings. The Shapiro–Wilk test, histograms, and Q-Q, Mann–Whitney U-test, Pearson's chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used. Results In total, CT images of 194 patients (388 JBs) were evaluated. Overall, 42.8% of children had HJB. Only three children had bilateral HJB. Of all JBs, 22.2% were high riding. Children who did not have HJB were significantly younger compared to children with HJB ( P = 0.029). The median diameter of the HJB was significantly higher in children with HJB compared to children without HJB on both sides ( P < 0.001). Among newborns, none had HJB. In infants, 11 (30.6%) had HJB; 35 (46.7%) and 37 (50.0%) children aged >12–24 months and >24 months had HJB, respectively. Conclusion A jugular bulb could be identified in all age groups, including newborns. The earliest age of HJB detection was eight months. Overall, 42% of the patients had HJB, which increased by age.

Tumors of the epididymis are very rare, they are both primary and secondary and whether the benign or malignant. Adenomatoid tumors and leiomyoma are the most frequently diagnosed benign tumors of the epididymis. Leiomyomas are benign, often bulky tumors that are derived embryologically from mesenchymal cells. Herein, we present a case of epididymal leiomyoma and review its differential diagnosis and treatment.

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