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-This study was carried out to determine the effects of a carob (Ceratonia siliqua) byproduct (CB) supplement in diets for laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance and egg internal-external quality traits, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol content. A total of 225 female quail at 12 weeks of age were distributed into five treatment groups with three replications (15 birds in each replication). The following treatments were tested: 0% (control, no CB supplementation); 3% CB; 5% CB; 10% CB; and 15% CB in the diets. Feed and water were provided ad libitum to quail. The lighting program was 16 h light and 8 h dark. The experiment lasted 60 days. Treatments had no significant effects on final weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, and mortality. The external egg quality characteristics, shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index, yolk weight, yolk fat, yolk color, yolk cholesterol, stearic acid, oleic acid, and heptadecanoic acid concentrations were not significantly influenced by CB supplementation to quail diets. Haugh unit, egg yolk total saturated fatty acids, total mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, gamma linolenic acid, palmitic, and palmitoleic acid contents were significantly influenced by the treatments. Carob byproduct can be used up to 15% in laying quail diets without any negative effects on performance, mortality, or internal egg quality traits.

Intensive production practices, faulty maintenance and feeding, unsuitable keeping conditions, antinutritional factors in feeds and similar abnormalities lead to irregularities in both hormone and enzyme systems in poultry. Especially, due to disorders in endocrine system, a specific hormone, melatonin, can not be produced or underproduced, and thus its metabolic and physiological functions are negatively affected in the organisms. Melatonin (ML) is one of the important hormones that prevent metabolic and physiological disorders in poultry but does not attract attention by poultry scientist. ML regulates the brain's biological clock, acts on respiration, circulation, excretion, reproduction and immunity system. ML helps regulate feed consumption, energy metabolism and body heat. It also provides elimination of free radicals in the body. ML stimulates growth hormone secretion and, thus, effects growth performance of poultry positively. It is considered necesary to focus more effectively on the melatonin hormone, which is a positive contribution to animal welfare by correcting metabolic-physiological disorders in poultry. In this review, the definition of melatonin, its interaction with other hormones, its effect on the physiological and metabolic functions of poultry were examined.

This study was conducted to investigate whether adding different levels of raw or differently processed chickpea into different diets of laying quails affected live weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, egg weight and internal and external egg quality. Chickpea was used as raw, autoclaved or microwave-processed, and it was involved in the diets on two different levels (20% and 40%). The sample was divided into 7 groups including the control, 20% and 40% raw, 20% and 40% autoclaved, and 20% and 40% microwaveprocessed groups. 336 ten-week-old female laying quails were used in the study, and the experiment continued for 19 weeks. In the study, the differences among the groups were insignificant in terms of live weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, egg weight and egg quality characteristics such as shell thickness, shell weight, yolk weight, yolk color and albumin index. The differences were significant in terms of the shape index, Haugh unit (p<0.05) and yolk index (p<0.01). Consequently, it was observed that different thermal processes on chickpeas did not usually have a significant effect on the yield performance of the quails, and the results that were obtained were similar to the other groups. However, it was determined that some egg quality characteristics were affected by the autoclaving and microwaving processes. Between the thermal processes, it may be stated that autoclaving provided better results.

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This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of active yeast (AY) and inactive-stabilized yeast (Thepax) supplementation to the rations in different levels on broiler performance. In the experiment carried out according to the randomized plot design, there were 5 different treatment groups as control group (Group 1), 0.1% Thepax (Group 2), 0.2% Thepax (Group 3), 0.1% AY (Group 4) and 0.2% AY (Group 5). In the experiment, the effects of active and inactive yeasts on body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption, feed conversion rate, carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (CY), abdominal fat amount and mortality were investigated. In the present experiment, the final live weight, the cumulative feed consumption and feed conversion were insignificant. The statistical difference between the groups in the experiment was significant in carcass weight, but insignificant in the amount of abdominal fat and mortality rate. Inactive-stabilized yeast (Thepax 0.1%) was more effective than 0.2% AY on BWG. Only 0.1% Thepax increased the CW besides CY was high in 0.1%, 0.2% Thepax and 0.1% AY groups. It has been observed that active and inactive yeasts are used in broiler chickens without any problem.

ÖZETBu araştırmada, aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) küspesinin (AK) tavukların performans parametreleri, yumurta kalite özellikleri, yumurta sarısı yağ asitleri ve kolesterol oranına etkileri incelenmiştir. Tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde yürütülen araştırmada, farklı oranlarda AK içeren altı muamele grubunun (% 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 ve 15) her birinde 12'şer tekerrür olmak üzere, 43 haftalık yaşta toplam 72 adet kahverengi yumurtacı Lohmann ırkı tavuk kullanılmıştır. Yem ve su ad libitum olarak verilmiş, günlük toplam aydınlatma süresi 16.5 saat olarak uygulanmıştır. Dokuz hafta (63 gün) süren araştırmada, AK'nın farklı dozları canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi, yem dönüşüm oranı, yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı, şekil indeksi, ak indeksi, sarı indeksi, kabuk ağırlığı, kabuk kalınlığı, kabuk kırılma direnci, Haugh birimi, sarı ağırlığı, sarı yağ oranı ve sarı renk değerlerini etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Ancak, yumurta sarısı kolesterolü, yumurta sarısı toplam doymuş yağ asitleri ve toplam doymamış yağ asitleri miktarı üzerine AK'nın farklı dozlarının etkisi önemli olmuştur (P<0.05). Bu araştırma sonuçlarına göre, performans, ölüm oranı ve yumurta kalitesine herhangi bir olumsuz etkisi olmaksızın, AK'nin yumurtacı tavukların rasyonlarında % 15 oranına kadar kullanılabileceği görülmüştür.The effects of safflower meal on the performance, egg quality traits, yolk fatty acids and cholesterol levels in laying hens Anahtar Sözcükler: Aspir küspesi Tavuk Yumurta Performans Kolesterol Yağ asitleri ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) meal (SM) on performance parameters, egg internal-external quality characteristics and egg yolk fatty acid profiles, yolk cholesterol ratio in laying hens were examined. The research design was a completely randomized design. The treatments were represented by six diets with increasing levels of inclusion (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 ve 15%) of SM and each group had twelve replications. Each replication had one laying hen and 43 weeks old 72 laying hen were used in study. The water and feed were given ad libitum. The daily lighting time was 16.5 hours. In the present study, which lasted for nine weeks (63 days), the different doses of SM did not affect the liveweight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg yield, egg weight, shape index, albumen index, yolk index, shell weight, shell thickness, shell strength, Haugh unit, yolk weight, yolk fat ratio and yolk colour (P>0,05). But, the effects of different doses of SM on cholesterol, total saturated fatty acid and total unsaturated fatty acid contents of egg yolk were found significant (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, safflower meal can be used in laying hen diets up to 15 % without any adverse effects on performance, mortality and egg quality traits.

Kümes kanatlı hayvanları, tüy gelişimi, et ve yumurta üretimi için yüksek miktarda protein, aminoasit ve enerjiye gereksinim duyarlar. Bitkisel menşeyli yemlerin amino asit içerikleri, protein kaliteleri ve mineral miktarları daha düşüktür. Bu nedenle yemlerde kullanılan mısır ve soya küspesi (SK) bazen kanatlı hayvanların besin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada yeterli olmaz. Böyle durumlarda daha pahalı olan balık unu gibi ürünler kullanılır. Hâlbuki balık unu, maya ve malt gibi ürünlerle kıyaslanabilir düzeyde besin içeriğine sahip olan yem kaynakları mevcuttur. Un kurtları, çekirgeler, solucanlar ve karasinekler kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde değerlendirilebilecek kaynaklardan sadece bazılarıdır. Kanatlı hayvan rasyonlarında mısır, SK ve balık unu yerine bir yem kaynağı olarak kullanım potansiyeli olan önemli böceklerden birisi de un kurdudur. Kolay üreyen ve beslenen un kurdunun (Tenebrio molitor L.) protein, yağ, enerji, yağ asitleri bakımından zengin olduğu ve kanatlı hayvan beslemede başarıyla kullanılabileceği belirtilmektedir. Bununla birlikte AB mevzuatı, üretimindeki zorluklar ve üretim maliyetinin yüksek olması gibi hususlar, kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde un kurdunun kullanımını sınırlandırmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmada, un kurdunun organik kanatlı hayvan beslemede kullanım imkânları incelenmiştir.