While the efficacy of anticancer drugs is hampered by low bioavailability and systemic toxicity, the uncertainty remains whether encapsulation of these drugs into natural nanovesicles such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) could improve controlled drug release and efficacy for targeted tumor therapy. Thus, we performed a metaanalysis for studies reporting the efficacy of EVs as nanosystems to deliver drugs and nucleic acid, protein, and virus (NPV) to tumors using the random-effects model. The electronic search of articles was conducted through Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Clinical Trials Registry from inception up till September 2022. The pooled summary estimate and 95% confidence interval of tumor growth inhibition, survival, and tumor targeting were obtained to assess the efficacy. The search yielded a total of 119 studies that met the inclusion criteria having only 1 clinical study. It was observed that the drug-loaded EV was more efficacious than the free drug in reducing tumor volume and weight with the standardized mean difference (SMD) of −1.99 (95% CI:
Background: Delivery systems with low immunogenicity and toxicity are believed to enhance the efficacy of specific targeted drug delivery to cancer cells. Exosomes are potential natural nanosystems that can enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents for targeted cancer therapy. Objective: This study provides a precise effect size of exosomes as nanovesicles for in vitro delivery of anticancer agents. Method: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the efficacy of exosomes as nanocarriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules was investigated using the random-effects model. We did comprehensive literature searches through CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct of in vitro studies that reported exosomes as delivery systems for cancer therapy. Results: After the screening of eligible articles, a total of 50 studies were enrolled for the meta-analysis. The results showed that cancer cells treated with exosome-loaded anticancer agents for at least 6 h significantly decreased cell viability and increased cytotoxicity with the standardized mean difference [SMD] of -1.47 [-2.18, -0.76; [p<0.0001] and -1.66 [-2.71, -0.61; p<0.002]. Exosomes effectively delivered drugs and exogenous miRNAs, siRNAs, viruses, and enzymes to cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion: This meta-analysis provides evidence of exosomes as efficient nanocarriers for the delivery of anticancer drugs.
Soft drinks nowadays are becoming an important part of the modern diet consumed in many communities worldwide and are available in the market virtually in the same form almost anywhere around the globe. Additives such as antioxidants and preservatives are usually added to soft drinks to increase their shelf life. Several acids such as benzoic and ascorbic acid are used in beverages to prevent oxidation and degradation of matrix. Literature documented that combination of these preservatives in soft drinks results in benzene formation. Moreover, benzene has long been reported to inflict many public health problems. This review elucidated different health consequences such as hematological, neurological, reproductive and carcinogenic effects of exposure to benzene. Liver and kidney derangements were also reported from different epidemiological and experimental studies. Therefore, we suggest that combination of ascorbic acid and benzoic acid in beverages should be avoided by small scale and industrial manufactures. A closer monitoring of these preservatives in beverages by regulatory agencies is highly needed.
Aim: This study investigated the effects of sub-chronic administration of crude ethanol extract of Cola nitida mucosa epithelial lining and liver function enzymes in albino rats. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Chemical Pathology Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, between March 2017 and January 2018. Methodology: Twenty (20) albino rats have randomly divided into five (5) groups of A, B, C, D, and E of four rats each and were fed with an equal volume of ethanol extract of Cola nitida of 600, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mg/kg body weight of the rats by oral administration for 28 days, while group A serves as a control, respectively. Results: Result indicates the LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg B.W., serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activity revealed a significant increase (P = .05) for AST (31.23 ± 9.39), (40.44 ± 12.24), (44.59 ± 8.69), and (36.30 ± 13.18) in rats fed with 600, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mg/kg, and ALT (33.66 ± 7.94) for group fed with 2400 mg/kg B.W as compared against the control group (16.97 ± 6.58) and (20.11 ± 4.39). The serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) also showed a significant increase (P = .05) (7.99 ± 2.89), (7.07 ± 2.21), and (5.49 ± 1.28) in the group fed with 1200, 1800, and 2400 mg/kg as compared to the control (2.34 ±0.84). Histological studies on the mucosa epithelial lining showed an eroded epithelium and vacuolations at a dose above 1200 mg/kg as compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study was able to establish that crude ethanol extract of Cola nitida have some deleterious effects on mucosa epithelial lining, and liver function enzymes.
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