A bias is a prejudice that generally unfavorably supports or opposes one thing, person, or organization over another. Individuals, groups, and institutions can all have biases, which can have bad or good outcomes, and most of the focus surrounding the Halo and the Horn effect. The present article set out to analyze the existing literature on the bias, the Halo effect, and the Horn effect. Guided by the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) review method, a systematic review of the Scopus databases, ERIC, JSTOR, and Emerald Insight identified 17 linked studies. Further review of these articles resulted in six main themes: Teachers and teaching, students' tasks, Management, crime, Psychology, and raters. These six themes further produced a total of 30 sub-themes. Several recommendations are highlighted related to conducting more mixed-method studies, having a specific and standard systematic review method for guide Research Synthesis in bias, the Halo and the Horn effect, and practicing complementary searching techniques such as citation tracking, reference searching, snowballing, and contacting experts.
The researchers have identified a shortage in assessment methods for Health Education for lower primary students in the classroom. This puts pressure on teachers who teach Health Education. To ease the burden on teachers and save time, the researchers have developed a Health Education assessment module for classroom use. The module was designed using the Fuzzy Delphi method, where experts from various fields were consulted through a questionnaire (FDM 1) to reach a consensus on the construct of the module. The results showed that all the constructs and items met the criteria set by the Fuzzy Delphi method, including a threshold value less than 0.2, a consensus percentage greater than 75%, and an Alpha cut value greater than 0.5. These results indicate that the Health Education assessment module is acceptable and suitable for use in the classroom.
<span lang="EN-US">This study obtained expert consensus on the constructs of personal leadership competencies for Malaysia Matriculation College middle leaders using the approach of the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM). A list of instruments containing the proposed construct and all the elements was given to 30 experts from various fields and backgrounds. This study's finding indicates that most of the experts agree with the proposed constructs and elements of the personal leadership competencies. The threshold values for all the 14 elements tested met the requirements of d≤0.2. All the expert agreements achieved the targeted percentage, which is between 75% and 100%. The Alpha-cut value also met the requirement needed between 0.878 and 0.950, which is the threshold of 0.5 (α-cut≥0.5). Through FDM, the defuzzification process was carried out to rearrange all the elements based on the experts' ranking agreed. This study successfully presented a new construct by considering the crucial elements in middle leaders' competencies in the Malaysian context.</span>
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