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Himachali males and females show considerable sexual dimorphism with less prominent nose, less protrusive lower lip, and more chin height in males whereas females had more convex profile, less protrusive upper lip, and more tipped nose.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different prophylaxis pastes on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with Self-Etch Primer (SEP). Methods: Two hundred human premolars were divided into 4 equal groups. In Group 1 (control), no prophylaxis was done prior to bonding with SEP. In Groups 2-4 different prophylaxis pastes, that is, pumice, nonfluoridated and fluoridated pastes were used respectively. After bonding, the samples were debonded using a universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Results: The shear bond strength (MPa) for Group 1-4 was 5.99, 7.51, 7.57, and 7.71, respectively. Conclusions: The result shows that the shear bond strength of brackets bonded with SEP without prior prophylaxis produces statistically significant lower bond strength as compared to brackets which were bonded with prior prophylaxis treatments. The shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with SEP with prior prophylaxis with various prophylaxis pastes were not statistically different from each other. The use of fluoridated prophylaxis pastes did not adversely affect bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with SEP.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of digital camera and spectrophotometer in measuring the optical properties of clear elastomeric ligatures under the influence of different solutions.Materials and methods: Four hundred and thirty-two clear elastomeric modules from three manufacturers (3M, ORMCO, OT) were used and were immersed into six different solution of three segments each. Each solution (200 ml) containing a determined substance, as follows: distilled water (control group), coke, turmeric, sauce (20 ml), tea and coffee. All test specimens were immersed in the solutions and kept in an appropriate receptacle for 7, 14, 21 and 30 days. The differences in color changes depen ding on the type of elastomeric modules, immersion solution, and immersion period were analyzed by using the spectro photometer and digital camera.Results: These results were analyzed statistically using the software SPSS version 11.5. 3M showed the least and OT showed the highest staining with all types of immersion solutions. Coffee showed the highest while coke showed the least amount of discoloration. As the immersion time increases, amount of discoloration of elastomeric modules increases. Conclusion:There was no statistical significant difference found between digital camera and spectrophotometer, which shows that digital camera is equally reliable as that of spectrophotometer.