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This study was conducted to consider the relationship between the transportation export value (TR) and energy consumption of Thailand (EN) in the long run by a comparative analysis that relied on testing by the ARDL and NARDL models. The Granger causality of each item was also tested by quarterly time series data from Quarter 1 of 2011-Quarter 4 of 2021. The results revealed a long relationship from the EN to TR. However, only the reduction of the TR affected the EN. According to the results, the energy agencies of Thailand should maintain the balance of EN and sufficient energy imports to drive the TR for its stability.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic sectors and investment and has particularly affected the stock pricing factors for the transport sector (TRANS). This study compares the relationship of the different factors, i.e., the volume, exchange rate (EXR), consumer price index (CPI), and the oil price on the stock prices of the TRANS on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) between the pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 periods. Time series data between January 2017 and December 2019 were used for the pre-COVID-19 period, and data between January 2020 and September 2022 were used for the during COVID-19 period. The effects of the independent variables were considered by estimating the long-run relationship using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and Granger causality from those variables to each stock price. The results found that the COVID-19 pandemic caused different effects on the volume, EX, CPI, and the oil price on the stock prices of the transport sector in the SET. Thus, investors should closely monitor the situations caused by natural disasters and the change of the EXR and oil price to reduce any problems that may arise.

The objective of this research is to examine the factors that affect tourism investment in the CLMV countries (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand). This study employs panel data as quarterly data from 2000 - 2019. Data analysis employs the panel unit root test estimated by fixed effect estimation. The results revealed that the Minimum Loan Rate factor has a negative effect on tourism investment while the number of international tourists and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) positively affect tourism investment. Therefore, in each CLMVT country, the relevant authorities should determine a suitable Minimum Loan Rate (MLR), target tourism promotion as a single region and pursue policies that enhance the economy. Such policy should support employment in the tourism sector and enhance the economic system of the CLMVT countries.