| A total of 710 lactation records of 274 Deoni cattle, maintained at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Campus, Bangalore were used to study the effect of non-genetic factors on production and reproduction traits. Lactation records of Deoni cows were classified into five parity (1, 2, 3, 4 and ≥5), six period of two years interval (2002 to 2013) and three seasons i.e., winter (November -February), summer (March -June) and rainy ( July -October). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 16.0 software for Windows. On analysis, overall mean lactation milk yield, lactation length, service period and calving interval were estimated as 819.98 ± 16.5 kg, 195.23 ± 2.62, 158.78 ± 3.5 and 445.97 ± 3.67 days, respectively. Effect of parity and period on lactation milk yield and length was found to be highly significant (P<0.01). Significant influence (P<0.01) of period was observed on service period and calving interval of the cattle. Lactation milk yield of Deoni cattle was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by season of calving. Effect of season on lactation length, service period and calving interval was found to be non-significant, however on lactation milk yield it was found to be significant (P<0.05). Thus, present study concludes the significant influence of parity, period and season of calving on lactation milk yield that would be helpful for estimation of genetic parameters and further improvement of the breed.

It is infeasible to develop quality software without software testing. Software testing typically consumes 40-50% of development efforts, even more efforts for systems that require higher levels of reliability. It is a significant part of the software development process. If a software defect is found in latter stages of development process it costs more than if it is found in earlier stages of development. Thus the earlier we introduce testing, the less the defects found, which in turn reduces the development time and cost. Risk minimization is another approach for efficient software development. Traditionally risk management and test management are addressed separately, but if the two approaches were integrated it would further reduce time and cost of software development. There are a number of testing approaches and models for software development but no testing process model addresses defect prevention and risk minimization simultaneously. In this paper we propose a methodical or formal approach of software testing that introduces testing from the very beginning of software development life cycle as well as integrates risk management with test management. The proposed model has been evaluated in a number of software and it outperforms the existing models. General TermsSoftware engineering, software development life cycle and process model, software quality assurance.

The present study was carried out in Deoni, the dual purpose cattle breed of Southern India, maintained at NDRI herd, SRS, Bengaluru. Mean phenotypic performances for the traits of age at first calving (AFC), first service period (FSP), first lactation milk yield (FLMY) and first lactation length (FLL) were estimated as 42.90 ± 0.49 months, 179.00 ± 6.3 days, 643.08 ± 25.16 kg and 178.24 ± 4.41 days respectively. Significant effect of parity was found on AFC and FSP. Effect of period of birth, period of calving and season of calving was found to be significant on FSP. Significant effect of period of birth, period of calving, classes of AFC and FLL were found on FLMY. The heritability of first lactation milk yield was estimated as 0.38 ± 0.29. Phenotypic correlation of FLMY with FLL (0.88 ± 0.02) was found to be highly significant (p<0.01).

BaSak, S., D. N. DaS, U. T. MUNDhe: CYP11B1 and PPARGC1A genes polymorphism controlling reproductive traits and estimation of breeding value of first lactation milk yield in Bos indicus (Deoni) cattle. Vet. arhiv 89, 463-479, 2019. aBSTRaCT In the present study, in Deoni, the dual purpose cattle breed of Southern India, maintained in a National Dairy Research Institute herd, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, molecular characterization of the putative exon 1 of CYP11B1 and putative intron 9 and 3'UTR of PPARGC1A genes was carried out in 146 animals using the PCR-RFLP technique. Three restriction enzymes, namely PstI, HaeIII and NheI, were used for digestion of the amplicons of the genes, respectively. In the putative exon 1 of the CYP11B1 gene, two genotypes, VV and VA, were detected with frequencies of 0.23 and 0.77, respectively. The frequencies of allele V and A in the population were found to be 0.62 and 0.38, respectively. The allelic frequencies of C and T types were observed as 0.63 and 0.37, with frequencies of CC, TC and TT genotypes as 0.38, 0.51 and 0.11 in the putative intron 9 of the PPARGC1A gene, respectively. Three genotypes, namely AA, AC and CC were detected in 3'UTR of the PPARGC1A gene, with respective frequencies of 0.75, 0.21 and 0.04. The allelic frequencies of A and C types were 0.86 and 0.14, respectively. The locus (c.1892+19T>C) in the putative intron 9 of the PPARGC1A gene was found to be significant (P<0.05), with unadjusted data of age of first calving (AFC). Adjusted data of first lactation milk yield (FLMY) showed a significant (P<0.10) association with the loci of the CYP11B1 (p.Val30Ala) and PPARGC1A (c.3359A>C) genes. No significant (P<0.10) association was observed between the loci of the genes and breeding value of FLMY in the studied cattle population.