PurposeXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an uncommon disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by extensive destruction of the involved kidney. It is being increasingly recognized as an important cause of renal morbidity around the world.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study was undertaken to review the xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis cases presented at our tertiary care referral center in Bangalore, India.ResultsA total of 16 biopsy-proven cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis from October 2007 to March 2010 treated at our institute were included in the study. There were 10 females and 6 males with a mean age of 51.5 years. Flank pain was the most common presenting symptom followed by fever. All patients had unilateral disease and underwent total nephrectomy of the affected nonfunctional kidney.ConclusionsXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic and unusual infectious inflammatory condition involving the renal parenchyma. The definite treatment is nephrectomy. Early identification and prompt treatment of this relatively benign and uncommon condition is important to minimize morbidity and mortality.

Background:Regardless of the availability of newer and more sophisticated modalities of investigation, urinary tract cytology still remains the most commonly used non-invasive test for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.Aims:As hematuria is the commonest presenting symptom in patients with malignancy of urinary tract, we undertook this study to know the usefulness of urine cytology in evaluation of the hematuric patients for malignancy.Materials and Methods:A total of 21,557 fresh voided urine samples received at our tertiary care referral centre over a period of three years were included in the study. Of these, 1428 cases had hematuria, criteria of either gross or microscopic. Results:Among these hematuric cases included in the study, 32.5% (464 cases) were found to have positive finding of atypical cells. In these cases with atypia, 9.5% (136 cases) were proved to have malignancy both with the histopathological biopsy and cystoscopic findings. Other cases of atypia were found to be of reactive origin, either due to instrumentation or foreign body. A large number of hematuric cases, that is, 964 cases (67.5%) were negative for atypical cells.Conclusions:The limited ability of urine cytology to detect low grade bladder tumors, its subjectivity and lack of uniformity in reporting, all render urine cytology a less than perfect tool. With added collaboration between clinician and cytopathologist, urine cytology can be used an adjunct tool in evaluation of patients with hematuria.

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IgA nephropathy is being recognized as the commonest glomerular disease worldwide. The prevalence and clinical picture varies from region to region. A retrospective analysis of 400 native renal biopsies performed over a period of 3 years at our center was done to know the prevalence and clinicopathological profile of patients with IgA nephropathy. All the biopsies were processed for both light microscopy and immunofluorescence studies. Patients with predominant IgA deposits were labeled as IgA nephropathy and further classified histopathologically into five subclasses according to the Haas classification. We noted a prevalence of 7.8% (31 cases) of IgA nephropathy. Nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure were the most common mode of presentation. Majority of cases fell into subclass III (focal segmental glomerular sclerosis) with 35.5% followed by subclasses IV (diffuse proliferative glomerular sclerosis) and V (global sclerosis) with 25.8% and 22.6% prevalence, respectively. As about 50% cases presented with varying degree of renal insufficiency, many ending with ESRD, IgA nephropathy can be considered as a serious problem in India.

Background:The kidneys are by and large a very resilient organ. The renal parenchyma though subjected to repeated trauma/insults of the noxious environment, they are the last to respond. The kidneys are affected by various disease processes some resulting in permanent damage leading to surgical removal of the organ i.e.nephrectomy. Indications for nephrectomy are varied including irreversible damage by chronic infections, obstructive causes including strictures & calculus disease, vesicouretric reflex, congenital dysplasia, nephrosclerosis, cystic disease, dysplasia'sand also severe traumatic injury, non-corrective renal artery disease leading to renovascular hypertension.Common indication for nephrectomy would be obstructive nephropathy, hydronephrosis and chronic pyelonephritis according to studies. Nephrectomy procedure may show geographic variations with variable urological causes. Indications for nephrectomy may show geographic variations with differenturologic causes in different countries worldwide.Objective: Objective of this study is to observe the spectrum of histopathological lesions in nephrectomy cases received in our department and then to know the indications for the same in our community practice. We also studied the age and sex distribution, neoplastic and non-neoplastic distribution of cases along with other histomorphologic features. Ours is a tertiary care center in southern part of India catering to both urban and rural population. Materials and Methods:The present study was done for a period of 1year from January 2017to January2018 which included all the nephrectomy specimen received in the department of pathology, Institute of Nephrourology, Bangalore, India. It is a retrospective study. A total of 71 nephrectomy cases were included in the study period. Patient particulars including age, sex, clinical diagnosis along with radiological details like USG and CT findings along with gross morphology and microscopic details were noted form the data available with our department. Representative bits taken were processed according to standard operating protocols. Sections were cut at 3-4 microns and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin.PAS (Periodic acid Schiff) stain to look for fungal elements and ZN (Ziel Nielson) stain for Acid fast bacilli was done wherever needed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was not done.Results: During the study period we received a total of 71 nephrectomies. Numbers ofmale patients were 38 (53.53%) and numbers of female patients were 33 (46.47%).Most common affected age group was 4 th to 5 th decade with 19 cases contributing to 26.76% of total cases. Least affected age group was 1 st decade with only one case (1.40%). Number of non-neoplastic cases was 63 (88.73%) and neoplastic cases were 8 (11.26%). Neoplastic cases further included 25% of benign tumors and 75% of malignant tumors. Among the non-neoplastic inflammatory diseases affecting nephrectomies most common lesion was chronic pyelonephritis with hydronephrosis (32.39%). Among the malignant tumors, Clear cell renal cel...

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Renal hemosiderosis is a rare cause of renal failure and, as a result, may not be diagnosed unless a detailed history, careful interpretation of blood parameters and renal biopsy with special staining is done. Here, we present a rare case of renal hemosiderosis presenting with renal failure.