Agriculture is the backbone of the country as it feeds the human race. India’s top third crop cultivation is the potato. The potatoes are propagated by vegetative methods where several pathogens tend to assemble over succeeding generations causing a reduction in the crop yield and quality of the crop. The yield of the potato production is most likely affected by the virus compared to the bacteria and fungus and there is a need to develop a model which diagnoses the disease at the initial stage. Long ago scientists had found the disease caused to the potato tuber, and leaf by the virus by laboratory methods Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), etc., but it needs large infrastructure, labor management, and more time to diagnose the disease. This leads to intensive research in the field of virology. The potato-growing countries have suffered due to the disease-causing agents from the viruses which decreased the crop yield.
-Multipath routing mechanisms have been preferred over single path routing to provide parallel fail safe paths and to maximize throughput. Applying traditional shortest path metric for multipath route selection leads to traffic concentration at some nodes resulting in congestion, thereby causing performance degradation . Interference caused due to neighbouring node traffic is another factor that further limit its performance gains. Towards this, to ease out congestion and improve network resource utilization we devise a load balancing strategy that splits the load among multiple paths according to link quality. Link quality metric is formulated considering the current load condition , traffic interference and energy of the intermediate nodes. To study the effectiveness of the proposed load distribution method we compare it with another load balancing strategy that forwards traffic along one path ,found using our link quality metric and which switches over to alternate best path on route failure. Simulation results conducted show that proposed load splitting strategy is able to achieve improvement in performance in terms of reduced latency and improved throughput. Network Life time is also improved.
In Wireless Sensor Networks mobile sinks help in balancing the network and reduce energy consumption in addition to solving hotspot issues. These benefits of a mobile sink depend on the path of the mobile sink. Specifically, in critical applications such as fire detection data needs to be collected with minimum delay. In such systems, the number of Rendezvous Points are minimized to satisfy the shortest path criteria, which in turn burdens the selected Rendezvous Points and depletes their energy. An efficient mobile sink path with minimum delay is proposed considering node densities. An additional set of Rendezvous Points are formed by selecting nodes with minimum distance without increasing the path length of the mobile sink. Further, an effective method for the detection and recovery of uncovered nodes due to the failure of Rendezvous Points is proposed. Simulations are performed and the results are compared with existing methods in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, fault tolerance, etc. The results imply the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Integration of Load Balancing mechanisms into routing protocols has elicited significant interest to alleviate congestion and improve the performance of on-demand routing protocols. For the sustained network functionality, load balancing mechanisms need to compute energy efficient paths with lesser traffic. Further severe degradation of network performance is observed due to intense traffic activity of the neighboring nodes. In this paper, we propose a load balancing mechanism that is also energy efficient by considering potential traffic interference caused to neighboring nodes that influence the load of an existing flow. Our proposed work (ELB-MRP) formulates a combined traffic and energy cost to optimize upon the routing mechanism by encompassing interference caused due to neighbor effect into routing decisions along with energy conservation .Simulation studies show significant improvement in the performance of the network.General Terms: MANET, On-Demand Routing.
With the increasing number of wireless communication devices, there may be a shortage of non-licensed spectrum, and at the same time, licensed spectrum may be underutilized by the primary users. The utilization of licensed spectrum can be improved using cognitive radio techniques. The proposed work allows secondary users to use the correct slot period of the channel as per their need. Particle swarm optimization technique is used to optimize the resource allocation. The aim of the proposed work is to determine the optimal throughput and power of available channels between the communicating nodes and improve the routing performance by selecting the best channel. Mathematical equation is derived that represents the channel selection relationship from the Q-value, congestion throughput, and benefit value. Network simulator-2 is used to simulate the proposed work and compared with the existing work. From the simulation results, it is observed that routing performance is improved in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, packet dropped, and normalized routing overhead.
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