In the present work, linoleic acid and oleic acid were isolated from Indonesian corn oil and palm oil and they were used to prepare monoacylglycerol derivatives as the antibacterial agent. Indonesian corn oil contains 57.74% linoleic acid, 19.88% palmitic acid, 11.84% oleic acid and 3.02% stearic acid. While Indonesian palm oil contains 44.72% oleic acid, 39.28% palmitic acid, 4.56% stearic acid and 1.54% myristic acid. The oleic acid was purified by using Urea Inclusion Complex (UIC) method and its purity was significantly increased from 44.72% to 94.71%. Meanwhile, with the UIC method, the purity of ethyl linoleate was increased from 57.74% to 72.14%. 1-Monolinolein and 2-monoolein compounds were synthesized via two-step process from the isolated linoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively. The preliminary antibacterial assay shows that the 1-monolinolein did not give any antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , while 2-monoolein showed weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus .
The synthesis of C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid derivatives and their application as an organocatalyst material for biodiesel production were investigated. The C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene derivatives were prepared in high yields through a two-step reaction: condensation between pyrogallol and aromatic aldehydes (i.e. benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-ethoxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) and then followed by a sulfonation reaction with sulfuric acid. They were evaluated as the organocatalyst for the esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol as a representation of biodiesel production. Using 4 mol% of C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid, methyl palmitate was generated in up to 91.9% yield after 4 h at 65 °C, making it similarly efficient to sulfuric acid that is used as the catalyst in the conventional reaction under similar conditions. However, different from sulfuric acid, the C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid could be recovered by using a simple filtration technique making it better than sulfuric acid from industrial and environmental points of view. These results demonstrate that the C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene sulfonic acid derivatives are a novel and potential organocatalyst for methyl palmitate biodiesel production.
Conversion of feather and blood from chicken slaughterhouse waste for producing solid and liquid organic fertilizer excluding composting process with a variation of the mass ratio of feather and blood of a chicken has been conducted. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content in the solid and liquid product of the hydrothermal carbonization process were analyzed to identify and characterize the possibility of hydrolysate as a source of nitrogen, sulfur, and iron in soil fertilizer. Feather and blood of chicken waste were introduced to a hydrothermal carbonization reactor with the addition of limestone at a temperature range of 160–170 °C for the preparation of solid and liquid organic fertilizer. According to the FTIR interpretation, the solid product had functional groups such as NH, OH, CH sp3, SH, C=O, C=C, C–O–C, and C–H aromatic. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content of the optimal ratio in the solid phase were 4.67%, 1.63%, and 3694.56 ppm, while their contents in the liquid fertilizer were 3.76%, 1.80%, and 221.56 ppm, respectively. The vibration of 478 cm–1 is attributed to Fe–O paramagnetic (Fe2O3) confirmed by TEM images showed the diameter size less than 20 nm indicating the presence of superparamagnetic material.
Indonesia is rich with essential oils such as anise and clove leave oils. In respect to explore the potential utilization of these resources, it has been conducted the transformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) respectively derived from anise oil and clove leaves oil to a series of Carylcalix [4]resorcinarenes and C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene macrocycles. Treatment of these aldehydes with resorcinol in the presence of HCl in absolute ethanol at reflux for 8 h afforded C-4-hydroxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (3a) and C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl-calix[4]resorcinarene (3b) in good yields. When the aldehydes were treated with pyrogallol under the similar condition, the products were C-4-hydroxyphenyl calix[4]pyrogallolarene (3c) and C-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylcalix[4]pyrogallolarene (3d) which were also obtained in excellent yields. Treatment of these calix[4]resorcinarenes and calix[4]pyrogallolarenes with cinnamoyl chloride and benzoyl chloride in pyridine afforded the corresponding cinnamate esters and benzoate esters in high yields. The resulted C -arylcalix-[4]resorcinarenes and C-arylcalix[4]pyrogallol arenes were subjected to antioxidant activity test using DPPH method and showed strong activity with IC50 values of 15-80 μg/mL. In terms of the synthesized calix cinnamates, the compounds showed UV-B absorption with SPF values of 15-30 at a concentration of 25 ppm which demonstrate their potential to be applied as a UV-B protector. Furthermore, these compounds were also tested for their photostability on the UV-B region and the results showed that the compounds were still unstable under irradiation for 30 min.
Alpha‐cellulose obtained from wood sawdust wastes in 29.0% yield was reacted with sulfuric acid to produce alpha‐cellulose sulfate materials. These catalyst materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and specular reflectance‐UV spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser scattering particle size distribution. The concentration of sulfate groups on the cellulosic matrix was determined by turbidimetry. The obtained alpha‐cellulose sulfates can be used as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from palm oil when evaluated with methylation of palmitic acid and oleic acid as the model reaction. The density of sulfate functional groups on the alpha‐cellulose sulfate materials was 2.18–16.74% wt/wt as determined by turbidimetry. Standardization of deployed alpha‐cellulose sulfate catalysts was achieved using different ratios of alpha‐cellulose and sulfate (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 m/v). Additionally, the Bronsted acid sites on the alpha‐cellulose sulfate catalyst play a pivotal role in the catalytic process.
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