Analysis and Characterization of Solid and Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Chicken Feather and Blood Waste

Abstract

Conversion of feather and blood from chicken slaughterhouse waste for producing solid and liquid organic fertilizer excluding composting process with a variation of the mass ratio of feather and blood of a chicken has been conducted. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content in the solid and liquid product of the hydrothermal carbonization process were analyzed to identify and characterize the possibility of hydrolysate as a source of nitrogen, sulfur, and iron in soil fertilizer. Feather and blood of chicken waste were introduced to a hydrothermal carbonization reactor with the addition of limestone at a temperature range of 160–170 °C for the preparation of solid and liquid organic fertilizer. According to the FTIR interpretation, the solid product had functional groups such as NH, OH, CH sp3, SH, C=O, C=C, C–O–C, and C–H aromatic. The nitrogen, sulfur, and iron content of the optimal ratio in the solid phase were 4.67%, 1.63%, and 3694.56 ppm, while their contents in the liquid fertilizer were 3.76%, 1.80%, and 221.56 ppm, respectively. The vibration of 478 cm–1 is attributed to Fe–O paramagnetic (Fe2O3) confirmed by TEM images showed the diameter size less than 20 nm indicating the presence of superparamagnetic material.

Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Cair dari Limbah Organik Perkotaan pada Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.)

“…Pupuk organik cair limbah ikan secara nyata mengandung unsur hara Nitrogen, Phospor, Kalium, mangan, besi dan belerang yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman (Hameed et al, 2018). Pupuk organik dari limbah potong hewan unggas (bulu dan darah) ayam mengandung nitrogen, belerang, dan besi pupuk padat adalah 4,67%, 1,63%, dan 3694,56 ppm, sedangkan pada pupuk cair masing-masing adaslah 3,76%, 1,80%, dan 221,56 ppm (Kuncaka et al, 2021).…”

Characterization of Synthetic Humin from Solid Hydrolysate and Biochar from Hydrothermal Carbonization Products of Chicken Feather Waste

“…Keratin is a semi-crystalline structural protein from a group of scleroproteins with high mechanical stability and resilience because of the presence of cysteine disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and salt bonds in its structure, resulting in a solid polymer structure [3,5,7]. Kuncaka et al [8] succeeded in converting chicken feather waste into solid hydrolysate and liquid hydrolysate, which contains less than 0.1% humic acid and 1-10% fulvic acid by the hydrothermal carbonization method using Kuncaka Reactor. Hydrothermal carbonization is a continuous wet thermochemical conversion method that takes 5-240 min under hydro conditions with a temperature of 150-350 °C and an autogenous pressure of 2-6 MPa [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Kuncaka et al [8] succeeded in converting chicken feather waste into solid hydrolysate and liquid hydrolysate, which contains less than 0.1% humic acid and 1-10% fulvic acid by the hydrothermal carbonization method using Kuncaka Reactor. Hydrothermal carbonization is a continuous wet thermochemical conversion method that takes 5-240 min under hydro conditions with a temperature of 150-350 °C and an autogenous pressure of 2-6 MPa [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The formation of humus under natural conditions with biotic and abiotic reactions takes a matter of years [16].…”

“…Therefore, the method of partial hydrothermal carbonization (PHTC) generates associations of supramolecular compounds from relatively small heterogeneous molecules (see Fig. 2), which are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and [17] hydrogen bonds only in hour order [8,[16][17]. Fertile soil contains at least 5% organic humus material, which is recognizable by its dark color [23].…”

“…The aim of isolating and characterizing humin, which is a recalcitrant fraction, is to understand the organic carbon components in soil because they have an important role in maintaining soil fertility and quality, especially in the fields of agriculture and sustainable ecosystems [25][26]. Understanding the natural humin components can be fundamental for developing synthetic humin to contribute soil humin requirements, especially on agricultural soils that are low in organic matter [8].…”