Due to the inherent demands of their profession, doctors and nurses are at great risk of suffering from burnout caused by job stress. This study examined the prevalence of burnout among doctors and nurses in Mongolia and identified the factors influencing their burnout. A self-administered questionnaire of 180 doctors (45.9%) and 212 nurses (54.1%) resulted in a response rate of 87%. Burnout was measured by the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) in three scales: personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout. Job stress was measured by the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model. Compared with the prior studies of hospital staffs in other countries, doctors and nurses in Mongolia had relatively higher burnout rates, with personal, work-related and client-related average scores of 45.39, 44.45, and 32.46, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that ERI significantly influenced all dimensions of burnout but over-commitment significantly influenced only personal and work-related burnout. Both ERI and over-commitment were different among professions.
This study compares the psychometric properties of two versions of the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-18 and LSNS-6) with community dwelling older adults in Mongolia. We recruited 650 older adult in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar and the country’s four rural regions. We used the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), the Short Form 12 (SF-12) physical and mental health functioning measures, and a multi-dimensional scale of social isolation for confirmatory factor analyses of the LSNS-18 and the LSNS-6. Both versions demonstrated excellent internal consistency and intraclass correlation and both correlated in expected directions with other study measures. Only the LSNS-6 provided a good fit to the data. The LSNS-6 is a viable instrument for assessing the social networks of older adults in Mongolia. The study adds to the sparse literature on measuring social and behavioral determinants of health in resource-constrained settings characterized by aging populations and high internal migration rates.
The LSNS-18-M had excellent reliability and good validity with a sample of older Mongolians and should be useful for screening, assessment, and monitoring social isolation. Future studies should examine lack of association with the SF-12 and should assess the scale's use with non-hospitalized and non-urban older adults in Mongolia and with Mongolian speakers outside the country.
Background Intergenerational relationships are beneficial for both grandparents and grandchildren. A positive grandparent-grandchild relationship can improve the psychological well-being of older adults and be a source of social support, family history, and identity development. Maintaining meaningful interactions can be, however, a challenging endeavor, especially as life events lead to relocating geographically. Grandparents and grandchildren can have different preferences in terms of communication mediums and different assumptions about the real conversational needs of the other. Objective In this study, we will investigate the feasibility and effect of sharing memories of older adults with their grandchildren in social media. This intervention focuses on bringing snippets of the lives of the grandparents into the grandchildren’s social media feed and analyzing the potential effect on relational quality, relational investment, and conversational resources from the perspective of the grandchildren. Methods A randomized controlled trial will be used to measure the effectiveness of sharing family memories through social media on intergenerational relationships from the perspective of the grandchildren. The study will be implemented in Mongolia among 60 grandparent-grandchild pairs who will be assigned to either a control or intervention group. Pictures and stories will be collected during reminiscence sessions between the researchers and the grandparents before the intervention. During an intervention period of 2 months, grandchildren in the intervention group will receive pictures and stories of their grandparents on their social media account. Pre- and postintervention questionnaires will measure relationship quality, relationship investment, and conversational resources and will be used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Results We conducted a pretest pilot from January to April 2018 among 6 pairs of participants (6 grandparents and 6 grandchildren). The validation of the protocol was focused on the process, instruments, and technological setup. We continued the study after the validation, and 59 pairs of participants (59 grandparents and 59 grandchildren) have been recruited. The data collection was completed in November 2019. Conclusions The results of this study will contribute to strategies to stimulate social interactions in intergenerational pairs. A validation of the study process is also presented to provide further operational recommendations. The lessons learned during the validation of the protocol are discussed with recommendations and implications for the recruitment, reminiscence sessions, technological setup, and administration of instruments. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16315
Flourishing is an eudaimonic dimension of psychological well-being associated with positive social and health outcomes. Determining correlates of health and well-being is critical for the development of evidence-based best practices, policies, and action plans that target older adults, especially in low- and middle-income countries where research on ageing, health and well-being is still scarce. The study aimed to determine the level of flourishing among older adults in Mongolia and to explore demographic and social factors that contribute to their flourishing in urban and rural areas of Mongolia. We used proportional quota sampling to select a non-probability sample of 304 community-dwelling older adults that reflected the national distribution of older age groups and rural/urban residency. We adapted and administered a widely used standardized questionnaire on flourishing and used multiple regression to establish correlates of flourishing. Study participants reported “very high” levels of flourishing; differences in median scores 53 for urban and 50 for rural older adults were significant. Sex ($$\beta =-\,2.09$$ β = - 2.09 , $$p=0.080$$ p = 0.080 ), level of education($$\beta =0.98$$ β = 0.98 , $$p=0.009$$ p = 0.009 ) and receive help with ADLs ($$\beta =-\,2.29$$ β = - 2.29 , $$p=0.013$$ p = 0.013 ) were associated with flourishing in rural areas, as were self-rated health ($$\beta =1.14$$ β = 1.14 , $$p=0.028$$ p = 0.028 ), number of social activities ($$\beta =0.050$$ β = 0.050 , $$p=0.019$$ p = 0.019 ),and friends network ($$\beta =0.22$$ β = 0.22 , $$p=0.035$$ p = 0.035 ) in urban areas. Despite facing many challenges to well-being, older adults in Mongolia reported high levels of flourishing. Those in urban areas had higher scores than those in rural areas and predictors of flourishing differed for these groups.
Background As the average life expectancy and the proportion of the elderly population increases, approaches that limit their policies, programs, and activities to health issues are changing worldwide. International organizations, such as the WHO, United Nations, have pledged their member countries to update their policies on the elderly population and increase their psychological and social participation over the next 20 years. We determined social demographic factors of life satisfaction among Mongolian older adults. Methods A cross-sectional study recruited three hundred four older adults recruited by geriatric doctors and seniors’ association units in urban and rural areas of Mongolia. The questionnaire included life satisfaction, social network, loneliness, social participation, self-rated health, and demographics. We used multiple linear regression analyses. Result: Life Satisfaction of the older adults living in urban is higher than those living in rural area (β = 0.954, p = 0.001). Good self-rate of health (β = 1.013 p = 0.001), voluntary work (β = 0.847 p = 0.001), and employment increase life satisfaction levels. Life satisfaction scores increased by 0.3 points for male older adults with a 1-point increase in education, 0.9 points for women living in cities (β = 0.929 p = 0.002), and 0.8 points for volunteering (β=0.790 p=0.006) respectively. However, when the loneliness score increases by one, the satisfaction score decreases by 0.3 points (β = -0.353 p = 0.013). Conclusions: The level of satisfaction of the Mongolian older adults is associated with self-rate of health, education level, loneliness, social activities, and living areas.
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