The demand for fresh spring water recently increased due to intensive domestic, industrial irrigation practices which typically caused depletion of water resources and deterioration of water quality. The spring water quality was analyzed for its major hydrochemistry and hydrochemical evolution of the spring water in the study area. A total of 60 spring water samples were collected from the three kinds of terrain (mountainous, hilly and plain) and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca 2þ), magnesium (Mg 2þ), sodium (Na þ), potassium (K þ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 À), sulphate (SO 4 2À), chloride (Cl À), nitrate (NO 3 À), and fluoride (F À). The water quality of drinking purposes was plotted in the Piper trilinear diagram which reveals that spring hydrochemistry is dominated by the alkaline earth and weak acids. Gibbs diagram reveals that the spring water chemistry is primarily controlled by rock-water interaction in the investigated region. The water quality index (WQI), 45% of samples fall in the excellent category, 50% of spring samples fall in good categories for drinking purposes. The pH and TDS are within the permissible limit ranges from 7 to 8.4 and 123to 793 respectively. Based on chemical analysis of the various parameters such as non-carbonate hardness, sodium percentage sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate were calculated to define the quality of spring water for irrigation purposes. The discharge of spring water was also calculated during the pre-monsoon season and found that 70% of samples have discharge more than 20 L per second (Lps).

MECC possesses potent antitumor activity that may be due to its direct cytotoxic effect or antioxidant properties. Further research is in progress to find out the active principle(s) of MECC for its antitumor activity.

Municipal waste is one of the most hazardous components of developing countries. However, enzymes do provide an eco-friendly solution in this case. Amylase is an important enzyme in food, textile and pharmaceutical industry and can be used for bioconversion of waste. From the municipal solid waste we have isolated an amylase producing bacteria that can grow in the irritant municipal waste and help in their bio conversation. The bacteria were identified as Cronobacter sakazakii Jor52 (C₂). The optimized media for maximum amylase production after 24 h of incubation, contains 2% starch, 0.6% peptone, 0.01% CaCl₂, 0.05% KCl, 0.05% MgSO₄ and 0.05% K₂HPO₄. The crude enzyme activity and stability study revealed that the amylase is stable within the pH 6 - 8 and temperature 30°C - 40°C and give maximum activity at 37°C at pH-8.

Recent disclosure of high resolution crystal structures of Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC) in open state and Erwinia chrysanthemii (ELIC) in closed state provides newer avenues to advance our knowledge and understanding of the physiologically and pharmacologically important ionotropic GABA(A) ion channel. The present modeling study envisions understanding the complex molecular transitions involved in ionic conductance, which were not evident in earlier disclosed homology models. In particular, emphasis was put on understanding the structural basis of gating, gating transition from the closed to the open state on an atomic scale. Homology modeling of two different physiological states of GABA(A) was carried out using their respective templates. The ability of induced fit docking in breaking the critical inter residue salt bridge (Glu155β(2) and Arg207β(2)) upon endogenous GABA docking reflects the perceived side chain rearrangements that occur at the orthosteric site and consolidate the quality of the model. Biophysical calculations like electrostatic mapping, pore radius calculation, ion solvation profile, and normal-mode analysis (NMA) were undertaken to address pertinent questions like the following: How the change in state of the ion channel alters the electrostatic environment across the lumen; How accessible is the Cl(-) ion in the open state and closed state; What structural changes regulate channel gating. A "Twist to Turn" global motion evinced at the quaternary level accompanied by tilting and rotation of the M2 helices along the membrane normal rationalizes the structural transition involved in gating. This perceived global motion hints toward a conserved gating mechanism among pLGIC. To paraphrase, this modeling study proves to be a reliable framework for understanding the structure function relationship of the hitherto unresolved GABA(A) ion channel. The modeled structures presented herein not only reveal the structurally distinct conformational states of the GABA(A) ion channel but also explain the biophysical difference between the respective states.

The health system is intricate due to its dynamic nature and critical service requirements. The involvement of multiple layers of health service providers quadrupled this complexity and results in a complicated operating environment. Simulation is often considered an apt technique to model and study complex systems in the literature. The popularity of simulation in the healthcare domain had only accelerated with time and resulted in a large number of articles intended to solve myriad healthcare problems. This article analyzes healthcare simulation literature of the past decade (2007--2016) that addresses operations management issues in various healthcare service delivery levels and categorizes the literature accordingly. In the next step, we attempt to assimilate the entire literature to capture specific health issues addressed, operations management concepts applied, and simulation methods used, and identify major research gaps. Finally, we develop the research agenda from dividing these gaps into the contextual, conceptual, and methodological genre that is consistent with the previous state-of-the-art literature reviews in operations management. Furthermore, this article demonstrates other minute aspects such as “sources of funding” and “tools used for the research” to maintain coherence with the previous reviews in the healthcare simulation. The objective of this work is twofold: to connect the knowledge continuum to the present, and to provide potential research directions for future academicians.