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OBJECTIVES:Chronic kidney failure among people with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a burgeoning health problem that affects up to 25% of patients with type 2 DM. Current pharmacological treatment for diabetic nephropathy (DN) does not stop the attainment of renal complications. The intention of the current study was to explore the role of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) in diabetic-induced nephropathy in experimental animals.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Diabetic rats were grouped as follows and underwent the following treatment for about 16 weeks: Group I – normal rats – no treatment, Group II – DN rats – only vehicle (p.o), and Group III and IV – DN rats – PHF orally at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. After the treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and lipid, renal function, and inflammatory markers were estimated. The observed microscopic changes in kidney were analyzed.RESULTS:Animals administered with PHF exhibited noteworthy decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL, serum creatinine, urinary protein, urinary albumin excretion rate, advanced glycation end products, type IV collagen excretion, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-ß, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and showed significant increase in high-density lipoprotein, urine volume, urinary urea, and urine creatinine. Histopathological examination established that administration of PHF prohibited kidney damage.CONCLUSION:Treatment with PHF showed beneficial effect on DN which may be due to the improvement of renal function parameters and hyperlipidemic and inflammatory mediators.

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Objectives: Atherosclerosis is caused by vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. Pro-atherogenic effect of hypercholesterolemia caused by impairment of nitric oxide generation due to activated arginase. The current study was wanted to explore the atheroprotective effect of polyphenolic fraction of Rivea ornata by using lipid emulsion induced atherosclerosis in rat model. Materials and Methods:The study carried out by studying atherogenic markers in the serum (lipid profiles, C-reactive protein), vascular tissue (myeloperoxidase, arginase, hydroxyproline, lipid peroxidation) and atheroprotective factors in the serum (paraoxonase, nitric oxide,) and in the vascular tissue (thiol levels, endogenous antioxidants) after feeding the rats with lipid emulsion for 12 weeks. Results: Treatment of polyphenolic rich butanol fraction is able to correct the imbalance of atherogenic and antiatherogenic factors induced by lipid emulsion feeding. Butanol fraction at the dose of 400 mg/kg significantly increases HDL, paraoxonase, nitric oxide, tissue thiol levels, endogenous antioxidants and decreases TG, TC, VLDL, LDL myeloperoxidase, arginase, hydroxyproline, lipid peroxidation. And atheroprotection reflected in histopathology studies also. Lipid emulsion associated foam cells formation is inhibited by butanol fraction. Conclusion: This is all due to presence of gallic acid in polyphenol rich butanol fraction is responsible for the underlying mechanism of atheroprotection.

Background: Amnesia is the loss of memory that majorly affects middle-aged to older people with a prevalence (1.0 -2.6%) of the overall population. Studies reported that scopolamine induction results in memory dysfunctions observed in demented patients. The current study evaluated the therapeutic potentials of armodafinil and its beneficial role in dementia, learning, and memory impairment. Armodafinil is the (-)-R enantiomer of modafinil. It is a nootropic used for the treatment of narcolepsy and the reversal of anesthetic effects. It binds to and thereafter inhibits the dopamine-reuptake pump, enhancing the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic gaps. Materials and Methods: 30 albino Wistar rats (250-300g) were included in the study, and they were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each (n = 6), two of which worked as controls: a control negative group and a control positive group. Scopolamine (3 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneal to the control positive group on the 16 th day after receiving 200mg/ kg of Brahmi extract orally daily for 15 days. Armodafinil (15&30mg/kg) was given orally to the test groups for 15 days, and scopolamine (3mg/kg) was administered on the 16 th day. The behavioral measurements were performed at the end of the 16 th day, after which the animals were euthanized and brains were retrieved for biochemical assessments. Results: In the present study, armodafinil groups showed a significant increase in the % alterations in Y-maze, time spent in Morris water maze, motor activity on the spinning rod, and the response of steps climbed in the staircase test, and also substantial variation in levels of antioxidants and neurotransmitters in drug-treated groups were found. Both behavioral and biochemical analyses indicated the neuroprotective effects of armodafinil in memory dysfunction and are appreciated as a potential therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease (PD). Conclusion: From the study armodafinil-treated groups showed retrieval of memory when compared to control negative (scopolamine-treated) group which showed heavy alteration in memory. The current study explored the neurobehavioral and memory-enhancing effects of armodafinil in scopolamine-induced amnesia which can be an essential tool to current clinical approaches toward neuroprotection.

Rivea ornata used traditionally for various disease of heart. However, its protective effect against oxidative stress induced injury is unclear and unproved. So, we attempted to investigate the protective role of butanol fraction of Rivea ornata on H9c2 cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Ethanol extract and its fractions such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions were assessed for its phytochemical composition, total phenolic and flavonoid content and assessed in vitro antioxidant activity by using established assays such as DPPH, H2O2 neutralization activity, ferric reduction assays and total antioxidant capacity. Among all the extracts/fractions butanol fraction found with high phenolic (82.4 ± 4.61 mg of GAE/g) and flavonoid (105 ± 4.09 mg of QE/g) content as well as possess strong antioxidant abilities evident by comparative lowest IC50 values for DPPH (41.80 µg/mL), H2O2 neutralization assay (35.39 µg/m), highest ferric reduction at 120µg/mL and high antioxidant capacity equivalent to quercetin (72.5±2.98 µg/mL). By considering these results, only butanol fraction assessed for its protective effect H2O2 induced oxidative stress on H9c2 cardiac cell lines was assessed by MTT, LDH assay and ROS expression studies. Butanol fraction at 25µg/mL maintain H9c2 cell lines viability (in MTT assay), cell integrity (decreased LDH release) and decreased ROS expression (decrease in percentage mean fluorescence). These findings are proved antioxidant rich polyphenolic butanol fraction protective effect against oxidative stress injury observed with H2O2 by maintain cell viability, cell integrity and ROS expression.

The main motto of the current in vivo study was to understand the role of polyphenolic butanol fraction of Rivea ornata in rodent model of myocardial infarction (MI). Polyphenolic fraction separated from crude ethanol extract in to butanol fraction by solvent/solvent fractionation from nonpolar to polar. Male wistar rats (n = 30) were assigned as control, isoproterenol (ISO), carvedilol, butanol fraction (200, 400 mg/kg, p.o.) groups. At the end of pretreatment, ISO is injected in two days to all groups except control to cause MI. Observations like Electrocardiogram, infarction markers (Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase-MB, C-reactive protein), Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase and Calcium adenosine triphosphatase, oxidative stress markers [Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Reduced glutathione (GSH) & Malondialdehyde (MDA)], inflammation markers Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukins (IL-6 & 10) and histopathological examinations were performed in all groups. ISO induced changes like ST segment elevation, elevation of serum infarction markers, reduced membrane bound adenosine triphosphatases, reduced levels of CAT, SOD, GSH & higher MDA content, higher inflammation markers (TNF-α and IL-6) myocardial damage were positively restored by butanol fraction especially at 400 mg/kg. Hence, cardioprotective effect was could be due to its antioxidant, cardiac membrane stabilization, anti-inflammatory action.