Neuroleptic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other affective disorders are known to produce extrapyramidal side effects. Catalepsy induced by these drugs in Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, animals has been used as a model for the extrapyramidal side effects associated with Mangalore-575 001, Karnataka, antipsychotic agents in human beings. In the present study, we have attempted to evaluate India the protective effect of the ethanolic leaf extractof Ocimum sanctum (OS) on haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration)-induced catalepsy in mice by employing the Received: standard bar test. Mice were allocated to seven groups, each group containing six animals.

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Glioblastoma (GB), an aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system, represents about 60% of all adult primary brain tumors. It is notorious for its extremely low (~5%) 5-year survival rate which signals the unsatisfactory results of the standard protocol for GB therapy. This issue has become, over time, the impetus for the discipline of bringing novel therapeutics to the surface and challenging them so they can be improved. The cell-based approach in treating GB found its way to clinical trials thanks to a marvelous number of preclinical studies that probed various types of cells aiming to combat GB and increase the survival rate. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the up-to-date preclinical studies that utilized stem cells or immune cells to treat GB. Likewise, we tried to summarize the most recent clinical trials using both cell categories to treat or prevent recurrence of GB in patients. As with any other therapeutics, cell-based therapy in GB is still hampered by many drawbacks. Therefore, we highlighted several novel techniques, such as the use of biomaterials, scaffolds, nanoparticles, or cells in the 3D context that may depict a promising future when combined with the cell-based approach.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multisystem metabolic disease that requires lifelong medical management. While the burden of T2DM to society can be measured in dollars and rupees, the cost of T2DM to the patient may be immeasurable, reflecting the daily challenges of this chronic disease and uncertain quality of life. Citizens of the 21 st century are experiencing a pandemic of T2DM which has motivated development of an armamentarium of new antidiabetic drugs. The new antidiabetic medicines, classified by mechanism of action, include: (i) the glucagon like polypeptide (GLP-1) analogues exenatide and liraglutide; (ii) the renal sodium glucose transport-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors canagliflozin and dafagliflozin; (iii) the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin; (iv) the amylin analogue pramlinitide; and (v) the insulin analogues: aspart, lispro, and glargine. The older, conventional antidiabetic medicines such as glibenclamide, glimepiride, metformin, pioglitazone, and the insulin preparations are, largely, much less expensive and therefore more affordable to the diabetic patient than the newer drugs. Furthermore, it is known that patient compliance with antidiabetic treatments, almost exclusively, depends on the direct cost to the patient [1]. This problem of compliance is magnified by the fact that antidiabetic treatments are lifelong and, hence, present the diabetic patient with substantial financial, behavioral and emotional challenges which must be overcome. Another challenge is that patients may not have health insurance, but even if they do, health insurance policies often do not cover drugs for outpatient use.Zhang et al., analysed the benefits and harms of antihyperglycaemic treatment regimens considering clinical effectiveness, quality of life, and cost. They found that older agents like sulfonylureas were associated with greater benefit in terms of both life-years, quality adjusted life years, and less expensive compared with newer glucose lowering agents like, sitagliptin and exenatide. that, a 51-year-old woman with longstanding T2DM developed liraglutide induced acute pancreatitis. Her symptoms resolved after withdrawal of this GLP-1 analogue [3]. GLP-1 agonists are contraindicated in patients with histories of pancreatitis, glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min, or gastroparesis. Another report demonstrates a significant risk of subclinical pancreatic inflammation, pancreatic cancer, and neuroendocrine tumours in users of exenatide [4]. The DPP-4 inhibitors are commonly associated with nasopharyngitis, headache, and respiratory infections, but pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, elevation of hepatic enzyme activity; skin reactions and severe joint pain are also reported in users of DPP-4 inhibitors [5]. The SGLT-2 inhibitors are known to cause urinary and genital tract infections, dehydration, and hyperkalaemia. As per a recent report of a 60-year-old man with T2DM treated with glimepiride, metformin, insulin, and canagliflozin developed hypercalcaemia due to intestinal and urinary calci...

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Objectives:Exercise with partially restricted blood flow is a low-load, low-intensity resistance training regimen which may have the potential to increase muscle strength in the obese, elderly and frail who are unable to do high-load training. Restricted blood flow exercise has also been shown to affect blood vessel function variably and can, therefore, contribute to blood vessel dysfunction. This pilot study tests the hypothesis that unilateral resistance training of the leg extensors with partially restricted blood flow increases muscle strength and decreases vascular autoregulation.Methods:The subjects were nine normotensive, overweight, young adult African-Americans with low cardiorespiratory fitness who underwent unilateral training of the quadriceps’ femoris muscles with partially restricted blood flow at 30% of the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) load for 3 weeks. The 1-RM load and post-occlusion blood flow to the lower leg (calf) were measured during reactive hyperemia.Results:The 1-RM load increased in the trained legs from 77 ± 3 to 84 ± 4 kg (P < 0.05) in the absence of a significant effect on the 1-RM load in the contralateral untrained legs (P > 0.1). Post-occlusion blood flow decreased significantly in the trained legs from 19 ± 2 to 13 ± 2 mL· min-1· dL-1 (P < 0.05) and marginally in the contralateral untrained legs from 18 ± 2 to 16 ± 1 mL· min-1· dL-1 (P = 0.09). Changes in post-occlusion blood flow to the skin overlying the trained and the contralateral untrained muscles were not significant.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that restricted blood flow exercise, which results in significant gains in muscle strength, may produce decrements in endothelial dysfunction and vascular autoregulation. Future studies should determine whether pharmacopuncture plays a role in treatments for such blood vessel dysfunction.

With the growing burden of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus, there is an implication for new pharmacological intervention. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a class of drugs that work on SGLT2 receptors in the kidneys to decrease glucose reabsorption. Lowering glucose levels mainly aids those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but they also have many other effects on the body. This article will investigate the impact of SGLT2i on six relevant organ systems; to establish current knowledge and potential benefits and risk for SGLTi in clinical practice. The medications that inhibit SGLT2 suffix with flozins are known to help decrease hypertension, acute cardiac failure, and bradycardia in the cardiovascular system. Flozins were found to aid with acute pulmonary edema, asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the pulmonary system. SGLT2 is also found in the bloodbrain barrier (BBB), and as such, SGLT2i can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). They reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), BBB leakage, microglia burden, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. In the liver, this class of drugs can also assist with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatotoxicity, and weight loss. In the pancreas, SGLT2i has been shown to help with primarily diabetes and hyperglycemia. Finally, SGLT2i's are known to aid in decreasing nephrotoxicity and stopping the progression of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease. New studies have shown that the flozin drugs have been helpful for those who were receiving kidney transplants. Despite the positive effects, there are some concerns about SGLT2i and its notable adverse effects. Flozin drugs are known to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, postural dizziness, syncope, hypotension, hyperkalemia-induced cardiac arrest, and pancreatitis. This literature review will discuss, in detail, the benefits and risks that SGTL2i have on different organ systems and implicate the role they may play in clinical practice.