A study was conducted in Bukit Bangkirai forest, East Kalimantan, to understand the impact of forest fire on the existence of soil fungi. Three permanent plots were used for the research, i.e. undamaged plot (K), lightly damaged plot (LD), and heavily damaged plot (HD). Each plot was 1 ha and divided into 100 sub-plots (10 m x 10 m). For observation of soil fungi, in the center of the five randomly selected sub-plots from each plot was made a sampling plot (2 m x 2 m). After removing the organic matter surface (O layer), soil sample was collected from top layer (A) and second layer (B) in each of the five sampling plots. Soil fungi were isolated using dilution plate method and they were incubated at room temperature (27-28 o C). This process was replicated two times for each soil sample. The result indicated that forest fire decreased the diversity and population of soil fungi. The highest soil fungi population was found in the undamaged (K) plot at the top layer (A) (389.0 colonies/mg dry soil), while the lowest population was in the lightly damaged plot (LD) at the second layer (B) (12.3 colonies/mg dry soil). Gongronella butleri was dominant species in the area of the tropical rain forest which was fired in Bukit Bangkirai, East Kalimantan.

This study aimed to examine the dyes production of mixed Aspergillus and Paecilomyces on different culture conditions and evaluate the combination between culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color by the fungal dyes. The different media consist of mineral salt glucose (MSG) medium and mineral salt sucrose (MSS) medium were evaluated. Additionally, different culture conditions such as C and N sources, incubation temperature, and pH of the media were evaluated together with variation of dyeing conditions including pH and mordants. The result showed that different culture conditions on media and the combination of those with dyeing conditions produce distinction colors on the fabric. The variation of dyed colors on the fabric was related to the dyes concentration produced by combination treatment of culture condition and dyeing pH. However, the effect was not observed on the combination between culture condition and mordants. Combination of culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color dyed with mixed fungi dyes generated various cloth colors, adding a color variation on textile dyeing.

Natural dyes are an important alternative to potentially harmful synthetic dyes. This research was conducted using three kinds of Aspergillus dyes and six kinds of Penicillium dyes. In this study, Aspergillus and Penicillium were grown in mineral salts glucose medium. Premordanting technique was followed using different mordants, namely alum, CaCO3, CuSO4 5H2O, FeSO4 7H2O, K2Cr2O7 and MnSO4 H2O on cotton cloth. The colour of filtrate and range of colours developed on dyed materials were measured by RHS colour chart. The results indicated that the colour of dyed cloth was influenced by the addition of mordants, and  different shades were obtained from the same dye filtrate using different mordants. FeSO4 7H2O was found as the most influential mordant. The present study shows a new source of fungal dyes, which can be used as an alternative for dyeing cloth.   Â

The study was conducted to evaluated the phylogenetics of the morphology character of gelatik jawa (Padda oryzivora). Fifty four P. oryzivora from natural population in Surabaya, Malang, Ngawi, Bekasi, Karawang, Cirebon, Bogor, Semarang, Magelang, Yogyakarta and Prambanan is adapted to condition of the research for 2 week. After individual identification card with bird ring and measured of the quantitative and qualitative of morphology characters, morphology characters of the bird were analysed of the phylogenetics. The phylogenetics of P. oryzivora population suggested that the bird from the geographic regions not a grouping. The high degree of migration is due to stress environment, especially of the broken of the forest, hunting, destroying and pesticides application. The migration of the population is due to the traffic of the trade from the region to the other region. This problem press to put the constitution into effect the trade embargo this species. The degree of the individual variation due to the degree of the migration, random breeding and selection. The degree of the inbreeding of the birds is not reported, so need to follow-up studies.

Mangunwardoyo W, Suciatmih, Gandjar I. 2012