the structural suppression of friction is accompanied by a transition in the nature of transport from a simultaneous slipping regime reducible to an effective single-particle PT model, to a kink propagation regime characteristic of the infinite FK model.In Fig. 4, we plot the measured maximum static friction force F s , averaged over the ions in the crystal, versus the matching q. (The dissipated energy DW follows the same q dependence). As q is lowered from 1, the friction drops quickly, then slowly approaches a much reduced value at q = 0, which decreases with increasing crystal size. Notably, at q = 0 (mismatched limit) there is an almost 10-fold reduction in friction already for N = 2 ions, and a 100-fold reduction for N = 6 ions. Numerical simulations of this behavior at zero temperature (dashed lines in Fig. 4) show qualitative agreement but fail to account for the finite temperature of the ions in the experiment. For lower q values, the effective barrier separating two potential minima is reduced, and the friction becomes more sensitive to temperature (28). To take temperatureinduced friction reduction (thermolubricity) (1) into account, we perform full dynamics simulations accounting for the finite crystal temperature (28) and find good agreement with the experiment (solid lines in Fig. 4). These simulations indicate that in the limit of low q, thermolubricity and superlubricity (mismatch-induced lubricity) reduce the observed friction by similar factors in our data.Our results indicate that it may be possible to engineer nanofriction by structural control in finite-size systems. Intriguing future possibilities include the coupling to internal states of the ions (30) for the study of spin-dependent transport and friction (22) and the regime of weak periodic potentials, where quantum-mechanical tunneling may lead to new quantum phases (19, 22 Physica D 7, 240-258 (1983). 11. G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, C. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930-933 (1986). 12. C. M. Mate, G. M. McClelland, R. Erlandsson, S. Chiang, Phys.Rev. Lett. 59, 1942Lett. 59, -1945Lett. 59, (1987 M acroscopic friction and wear remain the primary modes of mechanical energy dissipation in moving mechanical assemblies such as pumps, compressors, and turbines, leading to unwanted material loss and wasted energy. It is estimated that nearly one third of the fuel used in automobiles is spent to overcome friction, while wear limits mechanical component life. Even a modest 20% reduction in friction can substantially affect cost economics in terms of energy savings and environmental benefits (1). In that context, superlubricity is desirable for various applications and therefore is an active area of research. To date, superlubricity has been primarily realized in a limited number of experiments involving atomically smooth and perfectly crystalline materials (2-5) and supported by theoretical studies (6, 7). Superlubricity has been demonstrated for highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces (8), as well as for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (...

Moving mechanical interfaces are commonly lubricated and separated by a combination of fluid films and solid 'tribofilms', which together ensure easy slippage and long wear life. The efficacy of the fluid film is governed by the viscosity of the base oil in the lubricant; the efficacy of the solid tribofilm, which is produced as a result of sliding contact between moving parts, relies upon the effectiveness of the lubricant's anti-wear additive (typically zinc dialkyldithiophosphate). Minimizing friction and wear continues to be a challenge, and recent efforts have focused on enhancing the anti-friction and anti-wear properties of lubricants by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles and ionic liquids. Here, we describe the in operando formation of carbon-based tribofilms via dissociative extraction from base-oil molecules on catalytically active, sliding nanometre-scale crystalline surfaces, enabling base oils to provide not only the fluid but also the solid tribofilm. We study nanocrystalline catalytic coatings composed of nitrides of either molybdenum or vanadium, containing either copper or nickel catalysts, respectively. Structurally, the resulting tribofilms are similar to diamond-like carbon. Ball-on-disk tests at contact pressures of 1.3 gigapascals reveal that these tribofilms nearly eliminate wear, and provide lower friction than tribofilms formed with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. Reactive and ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations show that the catalytic action of the coatings facilitates dehydrogenation of linear olefins in the lubricating oil and random scission of their carbon-carbon backbones; the products recombine to nucleate and grow a compact, amorphous lubricating tribofilm.

Conformational transitions in thermo-sensitive polymers are critical in determining their functional properties. The atomistic origin of polymer collapse at the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) remains a fundamental and challenging problem in polymer science. Here, molecular dynamics simulations are used to establish the role of solvation dynamics and local ordering of water in inducing conformational transitions in isotactic-rich poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) oligomers when the temperature is changed through the LCST. Simulated atomic trajectories are used to identify stable conformations of the water-molecule network in the vicinity of polymer segments, as a function of the polymer chain length. The dynamics of the conformational evolution of the polymer chain within its surrounding water molecules is evaluated using various structural and dynamical correlation functions. Around the polymer, water forms cage-like structures with hydrogen bonds. Such structures form at temperatures both below and above the LCST. The structures formed at temperatures above LCST, however, are significantly different from those formed below LCST. Short oligomers consisting of 3, 5, and 10 monomer units (3-, 5-, and 10-mer), are characterized by significantly higher hydration level (water per monomer ~ 16). Increasing the temperature from 278 to 310 K does not perturb the structure of water around the short oligomers. In the case of 3-, 5-, and 10-mer, a distinct coil-to-globule transition was not observed when the temperature was raised from 278 to 310 K. For a PNIPAM polymer chain consisting of 30 monomeric units (30-mer), however, there exist significantly different conformations corresponding to two distinct temperature regimes. Below LCST, the water molecules in the first hydration layer (~12) around hydrophilic groups arrange themselves in a specific ordered manner by forming a hydrogen-bonded network with the polymer, resulting in a solvated polymer acting as hydrophilic. Above LCST, this arrangement of water is no longer stable, and the hydrophobic interactions become dominant, which contributes to the collapse of the polymer. Thus, this study provides atomic-scale insights into the role of solvation dynamics in inducing coil-to-globule phase transitions through the LCST for thermo-sensitive polymers like PNIPAM.

An accurate and computationally efficient molecular level description of mesoscopic behavior of ice-water systems remains a major challenge. Here, we introduce a set of machine-learned coarse-grained (CG) models (ML-BOP, ML-BOPdih, and ML-mW) that accurately describe the structure and thermodynamic anomalies of both water and ice at mesoscopic scales, all at two orders of magnitude cheaper computational cost than existing atomistic models. In a significant departure from conventional force-field fitting, we use a multilevel evolutionary strategy that trains CG models against not just energetics from first-principles and experiments but also temperature-dependent properties inferred from on-the-fly molecular dynamics (~ 10’s of milliseconds of overall trajectories). Our ML BOP models predict both the correct experimental melting point of ice and the temperature of maximum density of liquid water that remained elusive to-date. Our ML workflow navigates efficiently through the high-dimensional parameter space to even improve upon existing high-quality CG models (e.g. mW model).

No abstract

Designing materials to function in harsh environments, such as conductive aqueous media, is a problem of broad interest to a range of technologies, including energy, ocean monitoring and biological applications. The main challenge is to retain the stability and morphology of the material as it interacts dynamically with the surrounding environment. Materials that respond to mild stimuli through collective phase transitions and amplify signals could open up new avenues for sensing. Here we present the discovery of an electric-field-driven, water-mediated reversible phase change in a perovskite-structured nickelate, SmNiO. This prototypical strongly correlated quantum material is stable in salt water, does not corrode, and allows exchange of protons with the surrounding water at ambient temperature, with the concurrent modification in electrical resistance and optical properties being capable of multi-modal readout. Besides operating both as thermistors and pH sensors, devices made of this material can detect sub-volt electric potentials in salt water. We postulate that such devices could be used in oceanic environments for monitoring electrical signals from various maritime vessels and sea creatures.

wileyonlinelibrary.comwear life is desired. [ 6 ] In short, the most important quandary with all of these conventional solid lubricants has been how long the solid lubricant coatings will last. Additionally, in some specialty applications such as protective coatings for magnetic disc drives, an extremely thin coating (down to nm or less) providing low friction and wear characteristics is an essential requirement. [ 7,8 ] Given the recent advances in the synthesis of graphene, [ 9 ] several studies have been carried out demonstrating the unique nanomechanical and nanotribological properties of single and few layer graphene. [10][11][12] While a few studies including our own have recently demonstrated the potential of few-layer graphene (pure or in additive form) in signifi cantly reducing wear and friction in mechanical systems, [13][14][15][16] there are no reports on studying tribological behavior of single layer graphene at macroscales. From a fundamental scientifi c perspective, the origin of such dramatic improvements in wear resistance still remains an open question. Moreover, such an incredible wear resistance of few-layer graphene has raised the question as to how many sliding passes it would take to wear off one monolayer of graphene.Here, we report the results of our tribology tests on a one layer thick graphene confi ned between a steel ball and a steel disk. Our previous studies suggest an inherent operational limitation of few-layer graphene imposed by the test environment; [ 14 ] it was shown that to work in humid environment, graphene requires occasional replenishment in the sliding contacts. To overcome this limitation and to elucidate the role of test environment, we performed our tests for both single layer graphene and few-layer graphene exposed to two different gases: hydrogen and nitrogen. Results and Discussion Graphene Lifetime in Hydrogen EnvironmentWe experimentally demonstrate a unique tribological property of a single graphene layer: the lifetime of a monolayer of

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, are a fast-growing family of 2D materials. MXenes 2D flakes have n + 1 (n = 1–4) atomic layers of transition metals interleaved by carbon/nitrogen layers, but to-date remain limited in composition to one or two transition metals. In this study, by implementing four transition metals, we report the synthesis of multi-principal-element high-entropy M4C3T x MXenes. Specifically, we introduce two high-entropy MXenes, TiVNbMoC3T x and TiVCrMoC3T x , as well as their precursor TiVNbMoAlC3 and TiVCrMoAlC3 high-entropy MAX phases. We used a combination of real and reciprocal space characterization (X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy) to establish the structure, phase purity, and equimolar distribution of the four transition metals in high-entropy MAX and MXene phases. We use first-principles calculations to compute the formation energies and explore synthesizability of these high-entropy MAX phases. We also show that when three transition metals are used instead of four, under similar synthesis conditions to those of the four-transition-metal MAX phase, two different MAX phases can be formed (i.e., no pure single-phase forms). This finding indicates the importance of configurational entropy in stabilizing the desired single-phase high-entropy MAX over multiphases of MAX, which is essential for the synthesis of phase-pure high-entropy MXenes. The synthesis of high-entropy MXenes significantly expands the compositional variety of the MXene family to further tune their properties, including electronic, magnetic, electrochemical, catalytic, high temperature stability, and mechanical behavior.