Background: Lymphadenopathy is one of the most common clinical presentations and major causes of morbidity. Thus, clinical recognition and urgent diagnosis is of paramount importance. So, we aimed to analysis the diagnostic role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in superficial lymphadenopathy in a regional cancer centre, Odisha, India.Methods: A total 1129 cases were retrieved from the hospital record retrospectively from the patients who had presented with superficial lymphadenopathy from January 2015 to December 2015.Results: Out of 1129 lymphadenopathy cases, 671 (59.43%) were male and 458 (40.56%) were female with male to female ratio 1.46:1. The age of the patients ranged from 4 years to 83 years with mean age 48.57 years. The most common site was observed in cervical lymph node 493 (43.66%) followed by submandibuar lymph nodes 198 (17.53%) and supraclavicular lymph nodes 172 (15.23%). 584 (51.27%) were malignant and 545 (48.27%) were benign. Reactive hyperplasia was most common 318 (58.34%) among benign cases where as metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was the most common 261 (50.77%) among malignant lesions. By FNAC all benign lesions were correctly diagnosed, and primary sites of malignancy identified in 442 (85.59%) cases. Cyto-histo correlation was done in 399 cases. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was found to be   93.98%, sensitivity 93.88%, specificity 94.64%, positive predictive value 99.8% and negative predictive value 71.62%.Conclusions: FNAC is a highly sensitive and specific tool for early detecting primary malignancy and metastatic lesions. Many inflammatory lesions can be treated based on FNAC alone.

Introduction: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy, representing 80–95% of biliary tract cancers. Although ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (USG-FNAC) has emerged as an effective diagnostic the tool for the precise diagnosis of gallbladder lesions, data on its diagnostic utility and cytomorphological categorization of gallbladder lesions are lacking. Aims: To study the diagnostic utility of USG-FNAC in gallbladder lesions. Materials and Methods: This study was the conducted prospectively on patients who came with clinical and radiological evidence of gallbladder space-occupying lesion and then advised to USG-FNAC over 2 years and 6 months from January 2018 to June 2020. Results: A total of 314 cases were included. The mean age was 56 years, with a range of 17–88 years. Women predominated over men (Male:Female = 1:2.3). Primary adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder was most common. On cyto-histological correlation, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of USG-FNAC of gallbladder lesions were found to be 98.82, 87.23, and 96.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The USG-FNAC of gallbladder lesion was found to be an easy, quick, cost-effective, and presumptive diagnostic procedure. It should be opted as an initial preoperative diagnostic modality in high incidence areas to avoid inappropriate management with unnecessary morbidity and cost. Moreover, a close cytological examination of the architectural pattern and the cytomorphological features would help in the sub-typing and prognosticating the tumor.

Endometriosis is a disease seen among women in reproductive age group. It is characterised by deposition of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It commonly involves the pelvic organs like ovary, fallopian tube and pelvic ligaments. Involvement of gastrointestinal tract by endometriosis is uncommon and the incidence varies widely among different studies. Colonic endometriosis can be confused as malignancy both clinically and radiologically. In these instances, histopathology is essential for a correct diagnosis. Here, the authors report a case of colonic endometriosis presenting with features of large bowel obstruction in a 49-year-old female with previous history of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Radiological scanning of abdomen and colonoscopic examination were suspicious of sigmoid malignancy. Although colonic biopsy was inconclusive and tumour markers were normal, she underwent sigmoidectomy with lymphnode clearance as per oncological principles with primary anastomosis. Her final histopathological examination revealed features of colonic endometriosis without any evidence of malignancy. Detailed evaluation of the patient didn’t reveal endometriosis at any other site. Patient was discharged after full surgical recovery and was doing well till the last follow-up.

Background Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related death. Despite the combined (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy) modalities of treatment, the prognosis remains poor, mostly because of recurrence and distant metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are thought to be responsible for the development and spread of tumors. Hence, targeted therapy against these cells hopes to reduce the chance of recurrence and metastasis and improve the prognosis. Many immune markers have been identified to detect CSC in CRC. Here, we tried to assess the immunohistochemical expression of the stem cell marker CD133 in colorectal carcinoma and its correlation with various pathological parameters. Methodology A total of 51 cases of CRC were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry for CD133 was done after standardization in our laboratory. Expression status was decided based on the total score obtained by multiplying the intensity score by the percentage score. CD133 expression was correlated with the age and gender of the patient, tumor location, histological grade, extent of invasion, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), and nodal status. Results High CD133 expression was seen in 21 (41.17%) cases. There was no significant association between CD133 expression and the pathological parameters except the tumor site. CD133 expression was significantly higher as we moved from the proximal colon to the rectum. Conclusions CD133 expression was significantly higher in the distal part of the large intestine as compared to the proximal part. But there was no linear correlation between CD133 expression and histological grade, extent of invasion, or nodal status.

No abstract

Endometrial carcinoma typically arises in the setting of endometrial hyperplasia which is mainly associated with prolonged exposure to high levels of estrogen. To study the expression of estrogen receptors(ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy. The ER and PR was done on 64 cases of endometrial histology sections (56 cases of endometrial hyperplasia and 8 cases of endometrial carcinomas) from December 2013 to January 2015. The patients age ranged from 28 to 69 years with mean age 41.32 years..ER expression was positive in 67.2% of cases but was significantly reduced from 71.4% in hyperplasia to 37.5% in carcinoma, (p-value 0.050), while PR expression was in 68.75% cases and showing significantly higher positivity in hyperplasia in compared to carcinoma (25%), (p-value 0.004).In ER expression, 8(12.5%) had an Allred intensity score of zero while maximum 21 (32.8%) showed intensity score of 2. Similarly, 8 cases (12.5%) had an Allred proportion score of zero while 17 (26.6%) showed score of 3 for ER. In PR expression, 9 (14.1%) had an Allred intensity and proportion score of zero while maximum 25 cases (39.1%) show intensity score of 2 and 14 cases (21.9%) showed proportion score of 3.The expression of ER/PR was maximal for cases of simple hyperplasia and complex hyperplasia, followed by atypical hyperplasia and least for endometrial carcinoma. Those can be benefited from hormonal therapy, especially atypical hyperplasia cases, whose progression can be halted by hormonal therapy.

No abstract

Background: Cyclin D1 is a vital protein that has a widespread role in cell cycle regulations, providing control over G1 to S Phase transition and governing cell proliferation rates.Cyclin D1 overexpression has been reported in variety of tumors. Present study was carried out to the study the expression of cyclin D1 and its association with histopathological differentiation and stage of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: 48 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of biopsy specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of cyclinD1. Result: CyclinD1 expression was seen in 98.5% (46) cases of OSCC. It did not correlate with site and staging. CyclinD1 expression was seen in 94.6% of well differentiated tumor,100% in moderately differentiated and 100% in poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma, but it was not statistically significant(p=0.065). Conclusion: Relatively higher frequency of Cyclin D1 immuno-reactivity observed in patients with less differentiated tumours suggest inverse correlation of Cyclin D1 expression with histological differentiation of tumour.