Favipiravir is an antiviral drug with significant and widespread antiviral action. Favipiravir was crucial in the contest against the COVID-19 pandemic because of how well it treated the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is well known that contemporary pharmaceutical analysis establishes green, stability-indicating analytical procedures. The current study aimed to develop and assess UV-spectrophotometric (zero order, first order, area under the curve) and RP-HPLC methods for estimating favipiravir in its pharmaceutical dose form, comparing them using ANOVA and an in-vitro dissolution analysis. A green solvents composition of methanol, ethanol, and water (25:35:40 v/v/v) is used for analysis as a mobile phase and diluent. Method A is a simple zero-order spectrophotometric method for determining favipiravir at 236 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9962, LOD, and LOQ are 0.18 and 0.55 μg/mL. Method B is a first-order spectrophotometric method for determining favipiravir at 227 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9964, LOD, and LOQ are 0.64 and 1.96 μg/mL. Method C is an area under the curve spectrophotometric method for determining favipiravir at 230 to 243 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9986, LOD, and LOQ are 0.32 and 0.96 μg/mL. Method D is the RP-HPLC method for the determination of favipiravir at the retention time of 7.216 min, a flow rate of 0.80 mL/min, column temperature of 25°C, at 236 nm, Isocratic mode, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9996, LOD, and LOQ are 0.52 and 1.56 μg/mL. All developed methods demonstrated good repeatability and recovery with %RSD < 2. The proposed established methods were assessed using one-way ANOVA. It was revealed that the F calculated value was lower than the F tabulated value, with no discernible variation in the assay results. Studies on stress degradation show that oxidation and acid degradation mostly impact favipiravir solutions. The Analytical Eco-scale verified that these methods are the greenest and most environmentally friendly, enabling the suggested approach to use an effective green analytical methodology to measure favipiravir extensively. Phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) was the best dissolution medium after analysis of the favipiravir dissolution study in several dissolution media.
Objective: The present investigation aims to develop an efficient, rapid, sensitive, selective, linear, and accurate method for analyzing capecitabine in bulk and tablet dosage form by UV-spectroscopy approaches. Methods: Capecitabine is an estimation by three different developed methods with different UV detection, method A (zero-order spectrophotometric method) at 239 nm, method B (first-order spectrophotometric method) at 231 nm, and method C (area under the curve spectrophotometric method) at 230 to 248 nm. The method's validation and stress degradation studies were done following the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: The methods were validated using the prescribed parameters like system suitability, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, etc. The relative standard deviation (% RSD) of the peak area observed in each case was found within the accepted range (<2%). The linearity study's coefficient of correlation (R2) value was<0.99. The methods were quantified accurately in the presence of degraded products. Conclusion: The developed simple and economical method is a suitable option for the qualitative and quantitative study of capecitabine in bulk and tablets, even in its degraded products, which may arise because of oxidation, hydrolysis, thermal, and photolytic decomposition.
Introduction: The current study aimed to develop and assess UV-spectrophotometric (zero order, first order, second order, area under the curve) and RP-HPLC methods for estimating theophylline in its pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: A less toxic solvent composition of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (25:75 v/v) is used as a mobile phase and diluent for developing both UV-spectroscopic and RP-HPLC techniques. Shimadzu Prominence LC-20A Modular HPLC system with a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) was used to develop the RP-HPLC method. Results: Method A is a zero-order spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 271 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9958, LOD, and LOQ are 0.52 and 1.71 µg/mL. Method B is a first-order spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 258 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9983, LOD, and LOQ are 0.46 and 1.51 µg/mL. Method C is a second-order spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 218 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9941, LOD, and LOQ are 0.38 and 1.25 µg/mL. Method D is an area under the curve spectrophotometric method for determining theophylline at 260 to 282 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9978, LOD, and LOQ are 0.57 and 1.88 µg/mL. Method E is the RP-HPLC method for the determination of theophylline at the retention time of 2.814 min, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9923, LOD, and LOQ are 0.78 and 2.57 µg/mL. Studies on stress degradation show that oxidation and acid degradation mostly impact theophylline solutions. Conclusion: Theophylline can be determined using the proposed approach, which is convenient, precise, affordable, and reproducible.
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant. It works by decreasing nerve impulses that cause seizures and nerve pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. It is well known that contemporary pharmaceutical analysis establishes robust, sensitive, economic, stability-indicating analytical procedures. The current study aimed to develop and assess UV-spectrophotometric (zero order, first order, second order, area under the curve) methods for estimating carbamazepine in its pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A is a simple zero-order spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 285 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9976, LOD, and LOQ are 0.45 and 1.48 µg/ml. Method B is a first-order spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 269 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9944, LOD, and LOQ are 0.29 and 0.96 µg/ml. Method C is a second-order spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 254 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 1.00, LOD, and LOQ are 0.62 and 2.04 µg/ml. Method D is an area under the curve spectrophotometric method for determining carbamazepine at 266 to 300 nm, and the correlation coefficient in the linearity study was found to be 0.9975, LOD, and LOQ are 0.14 and 0.46 µg/ml. All developed methods demonstrated good repeatability and recovery with %RSD < 2. Studies on stress degradation show that oxidation and acid degradation mostly impact carbamazepine solutions. Keywords: Carbamazepine, UV-spectrophotometric, Tegrital, Degradation study.
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