AbstrakPermasalahan yang dihadapi pembuat dan pengguna briket adalah briket yang dihasilkan kualitasnya rendah ditinjau dari nilai kalor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kualitas briket terbaik dari limbah biomassa dalam memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar alternatif rumah tangga yang murah dan ramah lingkungan guna mewujudkan masyarakat mandiri energi. Metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan kualitas briket adalah metode Taguchi. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah tekanan pengepressan, waktu penahanan, model cetakan, suhu pengeringan, lama pengeringan dan komposisi bahan, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah nilai kalor briket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas briket terbaik ditinjau dari nilai kalor tertinggi yaitu pada setting parameter A2B1C2D2E2F1, artinya tekanan pengepressan 225 kg/cm 2 , waktu penahanan 5 menit, model cetakan sarang tawon (kotak), suhu pengeringan 60 C, lama pengeringan 3 hari, perbandingan limbah jarak pagar (Jatropha Curcas) : arang sekam : arang tempurung kelapa : perekat adalah 5 : 3: 2 : 1. Rata-rata nilai kalor biobriket yang dihasilkan sebesar 5.323 kal/g. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa briket mempunyai nilai kalor yang tinggi dan memenuhi SNI, sehingga briket layak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar alternatif yang ramah lingkungan.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, briket, biomassa, energi alternatif, limbah padat, nilai kalor,ramah lingkungan. Abstract Problems that encountered on manufacturers and users of briquettes is low quality of the briquettes in terms of PENDAHULUANBerdasarkan data BPS Kab. Boyolali (Anonim, 2007), terdapat 40,48% warga Boyolali termasuk kategori keluarga miskin. Menurut Wardono (2010), budi daya tanaman jarak pagar di Desa Gondangrawe Kecamatan Andong seluas 75 ha, rata-rata menghasilkan biji jarak 487 ton/th biji jarak pagar dan limbah sebesar 300 ton/th berupa daun, batang, kulit biji jarak. Adapun lahan pertanian 108 ha menghasilkan padi 548 ton/th, limbah sekam padi sebesar 137 ton/th, limbah jerami basah sebesar 60 ton/ha dan jerami kering 40 ton/ha. Begitu pula dengan limbah tempurung kelapa di pasar tradisional yang melimpah. Limbah tersebut hanya sebagian kecil yang dimanfaatkan, sebagian besar hanya ditumpuk dan dibuang di sungai, sekitar tempat penggilingan, di areal persawahan atau dibakar. Hal ini mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan. Dalam kondisi seperti ini sangat dibutuhkan teknologi pengolahan limbah tersebut menjadi briket sebagai bahan bakar alternatif yang praktis, mudah, murah dan ramah lingkungan.Selanjutnya, dengan teknologi
Passenger comfort is important in railway transport system. The train operator company in Indonesia would like to increase passenger comfort by installing home air conditioning into all existing carriages of the economy train. The air conditioning is expected to give better passenger convince. Therefore, the aims of this research are to know the cooling load and compare characteristic between home Air Conditioning (AC) and train AC. The cooling load calculation is analyzed using Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD)/Solar Cooling Load (SCL)/Cooling Load Factor (CLF) method. Comparison between both home air conditioning and train air conditioning are discussed to identify the benefits and drawbacks of each type. The total heat that needs to be removed from a passenger carriage with home AC is 104,334 Btu/h, while the total cooling capacity of home AC is 75,000 Btu/h. The passenger carriages with train AC have cooling capacity 119,100 Btu/h to remove heat 11,5290 Btu/h. The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) value of most home AC is higher than train AC, installation time of home AC is shorter than train AC, total cost for 20 years period of home AC is more than train AC. There is no guarantee for home AC, so everything that happens to it will become the full responsibility of train operator company. The train AC control system is more effective than the home AC. No fresh air is permitted to circulate within the home AC system hence, the same air is repeatedly processed in the system. Implementing home air conditioning in the existing passenger carriages is worthwhile for short time period in the goal to increase and improve the level of service provided by giving better comfortability to the passenger.
This research aims to investigate mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with fly ash (AMC/Fly ash) produced using hot extrusion.AMC/Fly ash was prepared from aluminum fine powder as matrix and fly ash as reinforcement. The various amount of fly ash of 5%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5% and 15% wt were added to the aluminum fine powder. Each composition was mixed using rotary mixer for 3 hours. The mixture was compacted using uniaxial pressing with a pressure of 100 MPa to produce green body. The green body was hot extruded with an extrusion ratio of 0.25 and temperature of 600ºC. Bending strength, Vickers hardness, wear rate and porosity of the AMC/fly ash were measured. The microstructure was observed using SEM. The results show that mechanical properties of the composites such as bending strength and Vickers hardness increase, porosity and wear rate decrease with increasing fly ash content up to 12.5 wt %. Above 12.5 wt % of fly ash those mechanical properties of composites seems to be inverse. The properties of AMC/12.5 wt % fly ash produced using hot extrusion from green body showing the best properties in term of the bending strength, Vickers hardness, porosity and wear resistance, that are 302 MPa; 79 VHN; 0.73 % and 0,0095 mg/(MPa.m), respectively.
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