This paper presents empirical evidence of the relationship between faculty entrepreneurial activity-quantified in terms of the propensity of U.S. university faculty to work directly with industry on research activities that lead to patents-and human capital, measured in terms of faculty tenure and age. Patenting reflects a unique dimension of faculty entrepreneurship, namely, collaborative activity that results in joint intellectual property. We find that faculty with tenure are more likely to engage in such activity, thus providing suggestive evidence of an externality associated with permanent employment. We also find that older faculty are more likely to engage with industry, to a point, holding tenure constant. Tenure and age proxy, respectively, what we call the "accumulated advantage" of faculty and their absorptive capacity. Because faculty patenting with industry involved both parties, our findings reflect that such faculty experience and expertise are important to industry to enter into a patenting relationship. Finally, we find that male faculty are more likely to patent with industry than female faculty.
With forest certification on the rise in Canada, a nation-wide mail survey was implemented in 2004 to gain insight into the attitudes of value-added wood products manufacturers towards certification. The majority of firms in this sector (64.8%) were not interested in forest certification, and only 17.6% were involved with forest certification at the time of the survey. Another 17.6% did express interest in becoming involved within the next five years. Low levels of knowledge and awareness regarding forest certification and a perceived lack of consumer demand for certified forest products were identified as factors contributing to the significant lack of interest in adopting certification. Although uptake remains limited, a cluster analysis identified a sizeable segment of manufacturers (43.5%) that has a "wait and see" attitude towards forest certification pending future developments in consumer markets. Logistic regression indicated that manufacturer interest in forest certification is linked to both awareness of chain of custody certification and a belief that certification can act as a competitive differentiation tool. Canadian value-added wood products manufacturers that are currently engaged or interested in forest certification tend largely to be ethically motivated and expressed concerns about the future health of forests and sustainable forest management. However, these same respondents were generally doubtful about the ability of forest certification to provide short-term financial gains.Key words: forest certification, chain of custody, value-added wood products manufacturers, Canada RÉSUMÉ Parallèlement à la croissance de la certification au Canada, un sondage postal à l'échelle nationale a été effectué au milieu de l'année 2004 afin d'obtenir une vision de l'attitude des manufacturiers de produits de bois à valeur ajoutée face à la certification. La majorité des entreprises de ce secteur (64,8%) ne démontraient pas d'intérêt pour la certification et seulement 17,6% d'entre elles avaient effectué des démarches de certification au moment du sondage. Un autre 17,6% a démontré de l'intérêt à obtenir une certification au cours des cinq prochaines années. Les faibles niveaux de connaissance et de sensibilisation en matière de certification et une absence perçue d'exigence de la part des consommateurs ont été identifiés en tant que facteurs contribuant au manque significatif d'intérêt pour l'obtention d'une certification. Même si l'intérêt demeure limité, une analyse des segments a identifié un regroupement marqué de manufacturiers (43,5%) qui exprime une attitude d'observation de la certification forestière en fonction des développements à venir des marchés de consommation. Une régression logistique a indiqué que l'intérêt des manufacturiers envers la certification forestière est relié à la fois à certification de la chaîne de production et à la perception que la certification peut être un outil de démar-cation concurrentielle. Les manufacturiers canadiens de produits de bois à valeur ajoutée qui s...
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