Arctic marine environments are experiencing rapid changes due to the polar amplification of global warming. These changes impact the habitat of the cold-adapted microbial communities, which underpin biogeochemical cycles and marine food webs. We comparatively investigated the differences in prokaryotic and microeukaryotic taxa between summer surface water microbiomes sampled along a latitudinal transect from the ice-free southern Barents Sea and into the sea-ice-covered Nansen Basin to disentangle the dominating community (ecological) selection processes driving phylogenetic diversity. The community structure and richness of each site-specific microbiome were assessed in relation to the physical and biogeochemical conditions of the environment. A strong homogeneous deterministic selection process was inferred across the entire sampling transect via a phylogenetic null modeling approach. The microbial species richness and diversity were not negatively influenced by northward decreasing temperature and salinity. The results also suggest that regional phytoplankton blooms are a major prevalent factor in governing the bacterial community structure. This study supports the consideration that strong homogeneous selection is imposed across these cold-water marine environments uniformly, regardless of geographic assignments within either the Nansen Basin or the Barents Sea.
The 2019 Chrysochromulina leadbeateri bloom in northern Norway had a major impact on the local economy and society through its devastating effect on the aquaculture industry. However, many fail to remember that C. leadbeateri is, in fact, a common member of the seasonal marine microbiome and the same spring phytoplankton blooms that support the marine ecosystem.
In late spring 2019 a harmful algae bloom occurred across multiple, interconnected fjords and bays in northern Norway. This was a major event causing severe fish mortality at several salmon aquaculture facilities in the region. The reported focal taxon and suspected agent of fish mortality was a Chrysochromulina leadbeateri-like prymnesiophyte that was morphologically identical to the UiO-035 isolate collected from a similar bloom from the same region in 1991. This study reports on succession dynamics of the marine microbiome via detectable changes in abundance of 18S and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants and closely related taxa of the focal strain C. leadbeateri UiO-035. This taxon co-bloomed with a diverse group of microeukaryotes and prokaryotes and their temporal succession dynamics revealed high variability with strong shifts in abundance during the event. These blooming patterns were poorly connected to environmental conditions suggesting that other factors such as biological interactions may be at least as important in shaping the dynamics of this type of harmful algae bloom. A deeper understanding of microbiome succession patterns during these rare but destructive bloom events will help guide future efforts to generate predictive models and anticipate deviations from the natural bloom cycles of the northern Norwegian fjord systems that are home to large scale aquaculture activities.
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