This study examined the possibility of eating disorders in 30 female aerobic dance instructors. All subjects completed a biographical questionnaire and the Eating Disorder Inventory. The results showed that the aerobic instructors yielded scores which were comparable to similarly aged female weight lifters but tended to be lower than those of women distance runners (also of similar age). Interestingly, 23% (n = 7) of the subjects reported a previous history of bulimia and 17% (n = 5) reported a previous history of anorexia. Thus, 40% of the instructors indicated a previous experience with eating disorders. Based on all 30 participants, the mean scores associated with Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for Thinness, Ineffectiveness, and Perfectionism were quite comparable to those previously established for anorexic groups. In addition, a relatively high percentage of the sample yielded scores which were actually greater than mean values associated with anorexia patients on nine of the 11 subscales. Based on these results, a number of the aerobic dance instructors possessed scores suggesting behaviors and attitudes consistent with female athletes whose sports emphasize leanness and comparable to those who have eating disorders.
Context: Generalizability theory is an appropriate method for determining the reliability of measurements obtained across more than a single facet. In the clinical and research settings, ankle-complex laxity assessment may be performed using different examiners and multiple trials. Objective: To determine the reliability of ankle-complex laxity measurements across different examiners and multiple trials using generalizability theory. Design: Correlational study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty male university students without a history of ankle injury. Main Outcome Measure(s): Measures of right ankle-complex anteroposterior and inversion-eversion laxity were obtained by 2 examiners. Each examiner performed 2 anteroposterior trials, followed by 2 inversion-eversion trials for each ankle at 0° of ankle flexion. Using generalizability theory, we performed G study and D study analyses. Results: More measurement error was found for facets associated with examiner than with trial for both anteroposterior and inversion-eversion laxity. Inversion-eversion measurement was more reliable than anteroposterior laxity measurement. Although 1 examiner and 1 trial had acceptable reliability (G coefficient ≥ .848), increasing the number of examiners increased reliability to a greater extent than did increasing the number of trials. Conclusions: Within the range of examiner and trial facets studied, any combination of examiners or trials (or both) above 1 can change ankle laxity measurement reliability from acceptable (1 examiner, 1 trial) to highly reliable (3 examiners, 3 trials). Individuals may respond to examiners and their procedural nuances differently; thus, standardized procedures are important.
The relation of leg, shoulder, and grip strength to ball speed in the tennis serve was investigated. For 15 collegiate male tennis players, leg and shoulder strength were measured using a Lido Active isokinetic dynamometer, grip strength with a handgrip dynamometer, and ball speed with a radar gun. Regression analysis showed no significant (p<.05) relationship among the strength variables and ball speed. Results were explained in terms of strength not being the only factor involved in producing ball speed during the tennis serve.
The relation of leg, shoulder, and grip strength to ball speed in the tennis serve was investigated. For 15 collegiate male tennis players, leg and shoulder strength were measured using a Lido Active isokinetic dynamometer, grip strength with a handgrip dynamometer, and ball speed with a radar gun. Regression analysis showed no significant (p<.05) relationship among the strength variables and ball speed. Results were explained in terms of strength not being the only factor involved in producing ball speed during the tennis serve.
The relation of legs, arms, shoulders, and grip strength with underhand pitching speed of experienced and inexperienced female pitchers was investigated. For 16 experienced female underhand pitchers and 16 inexperienced women with no softball experience (control group) leg and arm strength were measured using a Hydrafitness exercise machine. Grip strength was measured with a handgrip dynamometer. Underhand throwing speed was measured with a radar gun. Regression analysis showed arm and grip strength correlated with throwing speed (p < or = .05) for the experienced group. For the inexperienced control group, the only correlate of throwing speed was arm strength (p < or = .05). There was a significant difference between the two groups on all measures of strength and ball speed in favor of the experienced group (p < or = .05).
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