Purpose – Within the building sector a lack of clarity in terminology does not help designers, clients or researchers. Non-domestic buildings have shown rapid increases in the use of advanced technology and control systems with varying drivers, many of which are labelled as intelligent. The term smart has been used interchangeably with intelligent without any clear distinction between the two. If the term Smart Buildings represented a separate, more advanced grouping, it would provide an opportunity to focus the future progress of non-domestic building development. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon academic and industrial literature and experience, this paper reviews the scope of Intelligent Buildings and the current available definitions of Smart Buildings to form a clear definition of both smart and Intelligent Buildings. Findings – These definitions define the border between the intelligent and the (more advanced) Smart Building. The upper bound of the Smart Building is defined by (the future development of) the predictive building. Originality/value – This work provides a clear focus which will allow the progression of the non-domestic building sector by providing guidance and aspiration, as well as providing a platform upon which a large amount of technical work can be based.

h i g h l i g h t sEnergy consumption of supermarket depends more on temperature than humidity. Multiple regression analysis is a flexible tool to consider for energy use prediction. Results show dramatic reduction in gas use and modest increase in electricity use. a b s t r a c tThe change in climate has led to an interest in how this will affect the energy consumption in buildings. Most of the work in the literature relates to offices and homes. However, this paper investigates a supermarket in northern England by means of a multiple regression analysis based on gas and electricity data for 2012.The equations obtained in this analysis use the humidity ratio derived from the dry-bulb temperature and the relative humidity in conjunction with the actual dry-bulb temperature. These equations are used to estimate the consumption for the base year period and for the predicted climate period 2030-2059.The findings indicate that electricity use will increase by 2.1% whereas gas consumption will drop by about 13% for the central future estimate. The research further suggests that the year 2012 is comparable in temperature to the future climate, but the relative humidity is lower. Further research should include adaptation/mitigation measures and an evaluation of their usefulness.

This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the instantaneous frequency analysis in detecting a leaks and other features within the network. NHT and DQ allowed for the identification of the approximate location of leaks. The performance TEO is moderate, with Cepstrum being the worst performing method.

SUMMARYIntranasal administration of defective interfering (DI) influenza virus (A/WSN) ensured the survival of 80 ~ of C3H mice otherwise lethally infected with WSN by the intranasal route, whereas a control group which received fl-propiolactone-inactivated DI virus in place of DI virus died at 7.4 days post-infection. DI virus-treated mice developed significantly less lung consolidation than controls although qualitatively the cellular pathology in the two groups was indistinguishable. Surprisingly, in view of the accepted mode of action of DI virus interference, multiplication of infectious virus in the lung, production of viral haemagglutinin (HA) antigen and neuraminidase, and the distribution and amount of viral antigen in cells as shown by immune labelling were unaffected by the presence of active DI virus. Furthermore, assays of lung extracts showed that DI virus was not stimulating significantly greater amounts of interferon than the control inactivated DI virus. An alternative explanation arises from the fact that the pathology of influenza in inbred mice is immune (T lymphocyte)-mediated. Thus, since there is no evidence that DI virus affects virus multiplication we suggest that DI virus is responsible for ameliorating the damaging host responses. Another aspect of the immune response modulated by DI virus was the enhancement of local haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody in the lung, with peak increases of up to 10-fold over the relevant controls being demonstrated at 5 days after infection. This antibody was presumably complexed to HA antigen in the lung as activity was only demonstrated after elution at low pH. It had no detectable neutralizing activity (< 10 HI : neutralization ratio of convalescent serum) which accounts for the coexistence of local antibody and virus infectivity. Mice infected with virus alone or which received flpropiolactone-inactivated DI virus in addition to a lethal dose of WSN did not develop significant amounts of lung antibody. No differences were seen in serum HI titres. The increased level of antibody could not be attributed to the presence of greater amounts of HA antigen in lungs of mice treated with DI virus, as ELISA showed no significant difference from control preparations. The possibility that the two modulated immune responses are linked through HI antibody blocking access of T cells to cell membraneborne HA antigen is discussed.

This article describes progress on a new technique to detect pipeline features and leaks using signal processing of a pressure wave measurement. Previous work (by the present authors) has shown that the analysis of pressure wave reflections in fluid pipe networks can be used to identify specific pipeline features such as open ends, closed ends, valves, junctions and certain types of bends. It was demonstrated that by using an extension of cross-correlation analysis, the identification of features can be achieved using fewer sensors than are traditionally employed. The key to the effectiveness of the technique lies in the artificial generation of pressure waves using a solenoid valve, rather than relying upon natural sources of fluid excitation. This paper, uses an enhanced signal processing technique to improve the detection of leaks. It is shown experimentally that features and leaks can be detected around a sharp bend and up to seven reflections from features/leaks can be detected, by which time the wave has traveled over 95 meters. The testing determined the position of a leak to within an accuracy of 5%, even when the location of the reflection from a leak is itself dispersed over a certain distance and, therefore, does not cause an exact reflection of the wave.

This paper presents a novel synthesis and analysis of a flexible elephant trunk robot (biological continuum-style manipulator). The robot includes eight flexible segments, although it can be extended to more segments as necessary. In this study the gravity of the springs is neglected due to the fact that the manipulation force is much larger than these gravity forces. This mechanism exhibits a wide range of maneuverability and has a large number of degrees of freedom. Each segment is designed using a novel flexible mechanism based on the loading of a compression spring in both transverse and axial directions, and using cable-conduit systems. The rotational motion is transformed to tendon-like behavior, which enables the location of the actuators away from the trunk (e.g. at the end of the trunk). The forward kinematics of the mechanism is also presented and lends itself well to computer control. It is shown that the solution of the transverse deflection of each segment is obtained in a general form, while the stiffness coefficients are obtained in closed form from a two-dimensional model (small and large deflection angles) and from a three-dimensional model used in a finite element method to verify results. The friction in the analysis between the cable and the conduit is neglected in the analysis. A prototype trunk segment is experimentally tested, the results are verified and the elephant trunk robot is built. A bench-top actuation system has been developed and a control scheme used in prosthetic hand control has been implemented to control the mechanism.

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Terminals of cerebellar afferents (CB) to different regions of the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the rhesus monkey thalamus were labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase following injections into the dentate nucleus. Synaptic relationships of 17 CB with projection neuron dendrites (PNd) and local circuit neuron dendrites (LCNd) were analyzed in serial ultrathin sections from dorsal and ventral VL regions, which are known to differ cytoarchitecturally and functionally. Three terminals were reconstructed using three-dimensional (3D) computer image analysis techniques to obtain volumetric and planar measurements. CB in the ventral VL were often flat and elongated with synaptic vesicles arranged in clusters. Each CB was engaged with one PNd and one to four LCNd. A single bouton formed 8-50 synaptic contacts, with those on PNd outnumbering the ones on LCNd 4.1:1. Only some CB in the ventral VL were engaged in complex synaptic arrangements such as triads and serial synapses. Most CB in the dorsal VL displayed a roundish shape and numerous uniformly distributed synaptic vesicles. They formed 5-25 synaptic contacts with a 3:1 ratio of contacts on PNd compared with those on LCNd. CB in the dorsal VL participated in a variety of complex synaptic arrangements. Two types of triads were found: classic with CB, PNd and LCNd, and unconventional with CB and two LCNd. CB were also involved in serial synapses with two LCNd or LCNd and another PNd, and serial sequential synapses with two LCNd and a PNd. Three glomerulus-like structures were encountered in the dorsal VL. 3D reconstruction and volumetric measurements revealed that synaptic contacts formed by CB on PNd had varying shapes and sizes (0.022-0.274 microns2). Synapses formed on LCNd were larger (0.09-0.407 microns2). The total area of all active zones of a single CB on LCNd was either equal to or about 40% smaller than that of synapses on PNd. The entire active zone area comprised 1-1.6% of the total CB surface area and did not seem to correlate with the volume. Synaptic contacts formed by associated LCNd on PNd in complex arrangements were usually small (0.021-0.044 micron2). The results suggest that: synapses formed by CB on PNd and LCNd, and synapses formed by LCNd on PNd may differ in strength; a variety of different circuits participate in the processing of cerebellar afferent information in the primate VL; and these circuits differ in functionally different VL subdivisions.