Electron-transfer rates and electronic coupling factors for ferrocene groups attached to gold electrodes via oligo(phenylethynyl) “molecular wire” bridges of variable length and structure are reported. Attachment to gold was achieved via thiol groups at the end of the bridge opposite the ferrocene. Bridge structures were designed to promote strong coupling between gold and ferrocene, thereby promoting rapid electron transport over long distances. The effects of bridge length and of substituents on the phenyl rings in the bridge were addressed. Bridges containing between three and six phenylethynyl units were studied, and a “beta” value of 0.36 Å-1 describing the exponential distance dependence of bridge-mediated electron-transfer rates was obtained. The effect on the rates of adding two propoxy groups onto one of the phenyl rings in the bridge was examined and found to be minimal. The standard electron-transfer rate constant of 350 s-1 obtained for the adsorbate with the longest bridge (six phenylethynyl units, corresponding to an electron-transfer distance of approximately 43 Å) corresponds to an electronic coupling factor between ferrocene and gold of approximately 0.7 cm-1. The extrapolated rate constants at very short distances were nearly the same for the conjugated bridge series and for a related monolayer series in which ferrocene groups were linked to gold via aliphatic bridges. The extrapolated rate constants at short distance also agree with a calculated rate constant for the limiting case of adiabatic electron transfer at an electrode.
Background:Older people represent the majority of cancer patients but their specific needs are often ignored in the development of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-ELD15 was developed to supplement the EORTC's core questionnaire, the QLQ-C30, for measuring HRQOL in patients aged >70 years in oncology studies.Methods:Patients (n=518) from 10 countries completed the QLQ-C30, QLQ-ELD15 and a debriefing interview. Eighty two clinically stable patients repeated the questionnaires 1 week later (test–retest analysis) and 107 others, with an expected change in clinical status, repeated the questionnaires 3 months later (response to change analysis, RCA).Results:Information from the debriefing interview, factor analysis and item response theory analysis resulted in the removal of one item (QLQ-ELD15→QLQ-ELD14) and revision of the proposed scale structure to five scales (mobility, worries about others, future worries, maintaining purpose and illness burden) and two single items (joint stiffness and family support). Convergent validity was good. In known-group comparisons, the QLQ-ELD14 differentiated between patients with different disease stage, treatment intention, number of comorbidities, performance status and geriatric screening scores. Test–retest and RCA analyses were equivocal.Conclusion:The QLQ-ELD14 is a validated HRQOL questionnaire for cancer patients aged ⩾70 years. Changes in elderly patients' self-reported HRQOL may be related to both cancer evolution and non-clinical events.
Purpose – Leadership is always important but is especially important at times of rapid and even fundamental change. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and evidence the changes and decisions facing librarians in our world against the backdrop of international disrupted business models for libraries. The traditional mode of operation for libraries is changing dramatically in order to stay relevant and connected to our library users. This paper will aim to explore future leadership styles which will be required for special librarians. This will be set in the context of the NextGen Leadership program which this author established and conducted across Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. The paper will also seek to draw on the author's experiences seeking new scenario futures for special libraries in Australia. Design/methodology/approach – This paper will explore future leadership styles which will be required for special librarians. This will be set in the context of the NextGen Leadership program which this author established and conducted across Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. It will also draw on the author's experiences seeking new scenario futures for special libraries in Australia. Findings – The evaluation of the Next Gen Leadership program is reviewed in this paper. Research limitations/implications – The implications are that librarians need programs such as Next Gen in order to be able to test new ways of adopting management behaviours. These new ways of operating can be tested through programs such as Next Gen which operate over a lengthy period of time. Practical implications – It is crucial that existing managers of academic libraries establish these leadership programs into the future as a means of ensuring good succession planning. Originality/value – This is a genuinely original program spanning three countries/cities; Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. The opportunity for participants in this course to meet, inter-mingle and network into the future with similar colleagues is unique. The opportunities to test new modes of management in such a course, remote from the work environment, are of value to the management styles of each individual into the future.
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