Oliver Williamson claims that bounded rationality and 'behavioural uncertainty' are principal factors influencing market-based transaction costs. Post Keynesian economists typically distinguish between ergodic and non-ergodic processes with the latter providing a technical definition of 'fundamental uncertainty'. Often, the salience of this fundamental uncertainty has been ignored or conflated with bounded rationality and behavioural uncertainty. Consequently, the richness and distinctness of such concepts is much diminished. This paper shows that while bounded rationality is a key behavioural assumption that may account for the existence of high market-based transaction costs in an ergodic world, and thus for the emergence of firms as distinct modes of economic organisation, it may do so only in the short run. I demonstrate, however, that non-ergodicity can be used to explain the existence of transaction costs and thus firms in the long run.
Galbraith's principal theoretical contribution is foreshadowed in American capitalism and unfolds more clearly into view in his trilogy The Affluent Society, The New Industrial State and Economics and the Public Purpose. His thesis is that the economic ideas that once explained a world of poverty have not adjusted to a world of affluence dominated by the modern corporation. His main themes are the concentration of economic power in the large corporation and the social and environmental imbalance that results from the large corporation. Galbraith attempts to tease out the implications of the uneven development of modern affluence and outlines an emancipatory case for social change.
Abstract:In The New Industrial State John Kenneth Galbraith famously argued large corporations would seek to manage the demand for their products. Although attracting a degree of attention and notoriety around the time of publication, Galbraith's thesis of the direct manipulation of the consumer has slipped somewhat from view in favor of a view of advertising as information provision. We reconsider Galbraith's theory of the Management of Specific Demand and illuminate its salience in the context of the US tobacco industry. We conclude that the US experience is congruent with many of the claims that Galbraith made regarding the manipulation of the consumer by large corporations and thus warrants rehabilitation of the Galbraithian view.
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