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The age and growth of Lutjanus adetii and L. quinquelineatus from the central Great Barrier Reef were determined from studies of annuli in sectioned otoliths (sagittae). The period of annulus formation was validated by oxytetracycline labelling of externally tagged fishes. For L. adetii, validation was obtained from tagged fishes that were recaptured after a minimum of 12 months at liberty, the first time this has been achieved for a Lutjanus species. A single opaque and translucent zone was formed once a year, with the opaque band (annulus) being formed during the winter months. Otolith weight was strongly correlated with age for both species. There was significant differential growth between the sexes in length-at-age and weight-at-age for both species, with males growing larger than females. The oldest individuals found were a male L. adetii of 24 years of age and a female L. quinquelineatus of 31 years of age. The shape of the growth curves were steep for the first few years and then became asymptotic. The annual instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) was 0.235 for L. adetii and 0.154 for L. quinquelineatus, representing an annual survivorship of 79% and 86%, respectively. The protracted longevity and low natural mortality rates imply that both L. adetii and L. quinquelineatus are vulnerable to overfishing despite their small size.

This paper examines the impact and implications on initial teacher education (ITE) of the crisis brought about by the Covid-19 lockdown of schools and universities from the perspectives of four university providers in England. The start of the pandemic meant that, in England, schools were closed to all but vulnerable pupils and the children of 'key workers', and so the normal placements of students in teacher education (ITE students) could not continue. The 'virtualisation' of the ITE programmes by, in some cases, both schools and universities, raised significant issues of both equity and pedagogy. The loss of time on school placement had the effect of lost opportunities for practising teaching but increasing the time for reading and reflection. We consider the effects on a teacher education programme when the practicum experience is abruptly curtailed, yet the programme is able to continue in a different way. We present a model framework for a new digital pedagogy for ITE and discuss the opportunities and affordances available as the post-Covid educational landscape emerges, and suggest that the Covid-19 crisis provides an opportunity to reflect on the idea that practicum experience may be a necessary but not, in itself, a sufficient condition for teacher learning.

Further and higher education have witnessed something of a paradigm shift in recent years. This article aims to examine the reasons behind, and the possible impact on, academic staff and students of one aspect of the so-called marketisation of education -namely, the increased importance of institutional marketing. Aspects of marketing theory are used to argue that gaps have developed in some cases between the marketing rhetoric and the experienced reality of staff and students. It is suggested that such gaps can create tensions and difficulties, that action needs to be taken to bridge any such gaps, and that there is a need to reaffirm some of the previously valued aspects of further and higher education.

In a series of 247 consecutive patients with bronchogenic carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, the over‐all frequency of metastasis to the brain was 22.7%. These metastases were seen in 30.5% of patients with small cell carcinoma, 29.4% of patients with large cell anaplastic carcinoma, 25.4% of patients with adenocarcinoma, and 13.7% of patients with epidermoid carcinoma. Eighty percent of the brain metastases were diagnosed antemortem. Treatment included corticosteroids and radiotherapy to the whole brain with an intended dose of 5000 rads. Of the 41 patients who received some radiotherapy, 12 had a good response, and 13 a fair response. The median survival of all 45 patients with clinical evidence of metastases was 94 days, while the median survival of patients receiving at least 4000 rads cranial irradiation was 130 days from the onset of metastases. Brain metastases were the cause of death in 20 of the 45 patients whose metastases were diagnosed pre‐mortem. The poor results of treatment of brain metastases which have become clinically apparent suggest that a controlled trial of elective brain irradiation in high‐risk patients may be indicated.

There is increasing concern about declining mental health amongst children in the UK and the USA. Evolutionary and anthropological theorists have begun to build a theory linking this situation to decreasing opportunities to engage in free play. This paper will explore typical contexts for children in these nations, concluding that a range of recently emerging environments have decreased opportunities for collaborative peer free play and 'discovery' activities for the current generation. We will draw the theoretical analysis from a broad area of research encompassing psychology, anthropology, education, sociology, marketing, and philosophy to offer a new blend of practical and theoretical perspectives that may shed further light upon this topic.

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Lutjanus erythropterus and L. malabaricus are sympatric, sister taxa that are important to fisheries throughout the Indo-Pacific. Their juveniles are morphologically indistinguishable (i.e. cryptic). A DNA metabarcoding dietary study was undertaken to assess the diet composition and partitioning between the juvenile and adult life history stages of these two lutjanids. Major prey taxa were comprised of teleosts and crustaceans for all groups except adult L. erythropterus, which instead consumed soft bodied invertebrates (e.g. tunicates, comb jellies and medusae) as well as teleosts, with crustaceans being notably absent. Diet composition was significantly different among life history stages and species, which may be associated with niche habitat partitioning or differences in mouth morphology within adult life stages. This study provides the first evidence of diet partitioning between cryptic juveniles of overlapping lutjanid species, thus providing new insights into the ecological interactions, habitat associations, and the specialised adaptations required for the coexistence of closely related species. This study has improved our understanding of the differential contributions of the juvenile and adult diets of these sympatric species within food webs. the diet partitioning reported in this study was only revealed by the taxonomic resolution provided by the DnA metabarcoding approach and highlights the potential utility of this method to refine the dietary components of reef fishes more generally.Reef fish communities are extraordinarily diverse 1 , and there is often partitioning of resources, particularly for food and habitat, between sympatric reef fishes 2-4 . This ecological process, called niche partitioning, is fundamental for the coexistence of species within an ecosystem 5 . Niche partitioning is especially relevant among species of the same genus, which may include cryptic and sympatric species, because the more similar the co-existing species are, the more intensively they presumably compete 2,4,6 . Niche partitioning within the same species is also a common strategy in reef fish in order to minimise intra-specific competition, and can be associated with ontogenetic movements relative to life history stages. Indeed, the life cycle of many reef fishes consists of a pelagic larval phase, followed by a demersal juvenile phase on shallow, low-relief substrate (e.g. mangrove and seagrass nurseries), and an adult phase on deeper, high-relief reefs 7,8 . Ontogenetic dietary shifts were previously identified in a number of snapper species (family Lutjanidae) 9-11 , suggesting that habitat partitioning between juvenile and adult fish was based not only on finding refuge from predation, but also for accessing food resources 12,13 .Lutjanus erythropterus (Bloch, 1790) and L. malabaricus (Bloch & Scheneider, 1801) are sympatric snapper species that co-exist in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region 14 . They are sister taxa 15 , and the juveniles are phenotypically cryptic 8 . Both species support imp...