. The first clinical case of a patient with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) was presented by Schwartz et al. in 1957 (Am J Med 1957; 23: 529–42), describing two patients with lung cancer who developed hypo‐natraemia associated with continued urinary sodium loss. They postulated that the tumours led to the inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), later discovered to consist of arginine‐vasopressin (AVP). This suggestion was later confirmed in several studies. The clinical description of the syndrome has changed little since the original observation, and the cardinal findings of SIADH are as follows: (i) hyponatremia with corresponding hypo‐osmolality of the serum and extracellular fluid, (ii) continued renal excretion of sodium, (iii) absence of clinical evidence of fluid volume depletion, (iv) osmolality of the urine greater than that appropriate for the concomittant osmolality of the plasma, i.e. urine less than maximal diluted, and (v) normal function of kidneys, suprarenal glands and thyroid glands. Measurement of AVP in plasma is not a part of the definition of SIADH. SIADH may be caused by a variety of malignant tumours, but may also be caused by various other conditions, such as disorders involving the central nervous system, intrathoratic disorders such as infections, positive pressure ventilation and conditions with decrease in left atrial pressure. Also, a large number of pharmaceutical agents have been shown to produce SIADH, including a number of cytotoxic drugs such as vincristine, vinblastine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and melphalan. A broad spectrum of malignant tumours has been reported to cause SIADH; however, most of these observations have been in case reports including very few patients. This includes a number of primary brain tumours, haematologic malignancies, intrathoracic non‐pulmonary cancers, skin tumours, gastrointestinal cancers, gynaecological cancer, breast‐and prostatic cancer, and sarcomas. Larger series of patients have revealed that SIADH occurs in 3% of patients with head and neck cancer (47 cases out of 1696 patients), in 0.7% of patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer (three cases out of 427 patients), and in 15% of cases of small‐cell lung cancer (214 cases out of 1473 patients). The optimal therapy for SIADH is to treat the underlying malignant disease. If this is not possible, or if the disease has become refractory, other treatment methods are available such as water restriction, demeclocycline therapy, or, in severe cases, infusion of hypertonic saline together with furosemide during careful monitoring.

A consecutive group of 259 patients with inoperable adenocarcinoma of the lung (ACL) were observed to define risk groups for and frequency of brain metastases together with prognosis. All patients received chemotherapy in a three-armed randomized trial. Brain metastases were diagnosed in 25 patients before protocol entry and in 37 during treatment. Brain autopsy was performed in 87 patients and was positive in 38 (44%). Eleven of these (29%) were not diagnosed clinically. Patients younger than 60 years had a somewhat higher overall frequency of brain metastases than older patients. Patients with initial performance status above 60% and patients responding to chemotherapy had higher risk for developing brain metastasis during treatment than other patients, probably because of the increasing cumulated risk for this complication with prolonged survival. Median survival after onset of brain metastases was 73 days and survival was significantly shorter for these patients than for patients without this complication at days 0, 90, 180, and 365 after protocol entry. Thus, brain metastases is a frequent complication in ACL and the frequency increases with prolonged survival. Survival after development of brain metastases is short and it is questionable whether the inclusion of this subgroup of ACL patients into experimental cytostatic treatments is justified.

Topotecan has significant activity in SCLC, particularly in patients sensitive to prior chemotherapy, with predictable and manageable toxicity. The incorporation of topotecan in combination chemotherapy regimens for future treatment of SCLC is warranted.

Long-term survival can be achieved for both stages of SCLC, but without any change in survival rates over the last decade. Long-term survivors continuously seem to have considerable mortality due to late relapses and secondary malignancies, especially tobacco-related cancers and other tobacco-related diseases.

A new method is described for precise transperineal insertion of radioactive 125iodine seeds in patients with prostatic cancer. The procedure is done under transrectal ultrasonography guidance using a special multichannel puncture attachment and a simple, efficient insertion technique. The advantages of the method are 1) the patients are spared the inconvenience and risk of an operation, 2) improved dose calculations are possible, and 3) seed application is easy and more precise than by the conventional operative free-hand technique.