The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was established in 1975 to identify and analyze national and international strategies and policies for meeting the food needs of the developing world on a sustainable basis, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. IFPRI is a member of the CGIAR Consortium.

The Environment for Development (EfD) initiative is an environmental economics program focused on international research collaboration, policy advice, and academic training. It supports centers in Central

Determination of fish landing price is important, as the same contributes to the structure, conduct and performance of the fish market in Lake Victoria. Determination of relevant landing price is a gap to console between fishermen, agents (middlemen), processors and the government. The main objective of this study was therefore to examine fish price determination. Specifically, to examine the methods for fish price determination and analyse factors that affect fish landing price in Lake Victoria, a cross-sectional design was employed, and 300 respondents were randomly selected from two district councils, namely, Sengerema and Buchosa. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Findings show that landing price is determined through formal negotiation with processors, consultation with other traders, informal negotiation with buyers and Beach Management Unit (BMU). The study concluded that these are the common methods used to determine landing prices. Also, distance from fishing to onshore landing centres, market information channels, age and experiences of the fishermen are the factors significantly found affecting landing price. It is recommended that the mechanism for setting up fishery price, fish market structure, fishery information and the formation of fishery regulatory body needs fishery policy and sector reforms that mark the determination of fish landing price.

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This study estimates the impact of growth and income distribution on poverty in Tanzania using Household Budget Surveys’ data for 2000/01 and 2007. The analysis is done by decomposing the change in poverty into growth effect and redistribution effects using the Datt-Ravallion (growth and inequality decomposition). The decomposition of the changes in poverty has been done at the national level. Findings show that the changes in poverty observed in Tanzania are not reflected in the scenario that inequality remained constant over the period. The changes in poverty were expected to be much larger than what is presented in the official statistics. Using the FPL, the decrease is only 1.97%, while in actual fact it was supposed to have decreased by 16.3% during the 2007 growth period, and by 29.2% using the BNPL. If growth in mean consumption was constant as observed in 2001, using the BNPL the change in inequality would have increased poverty by 42.7% (27.03&) in 2001 (2007) growth period. Using the FPL, if growth in mean consumption was constant as observed in 2001, the change in inequality would have increased poverty by 40.9% (14.35) for the 2001(2007) growth period. The implication of the Datt-Ravallion decomposition is that though the growth effect is important in poverty reduction, redistribution would have a significantly positive impact on poverty alleviation. The growth in mean income amidst constant inequality would have had a substantial impact on poverty changes. In addition, policies that address issues of inequality—i.e., redistributive policies—could enhance the positive effects of growth on poverty alleviation more effectively. JEL Classifications: Q54

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Research on poverty in relation to public spending has never been as vigorous as it is now. Public spending has along-run effect in reducing the likelihood of being poor. This study estimated the benefit incidence analysis, progressivity of benefit and marginal benefit incidence of public spending on selected social utilities in Tanzania using the household budget surveys of 2000/01 and 2007. Benefit incidence and progressivity of benefit were estimated using the distributive analysis stata package procedure. The result of the analyses shows that public spending on social utilities in Tanzania is not pro-poor. The marginal benefit incidence analysis shows that the poorest quintile can only benefit more than the richest quintile from extra spending on the social utility in which the current accessibility is high. This is mostly the case of primary education as estimated in this study. Finally, from the findings of this study we recommend more efforts by the government to make public spending in Tanzania pro-poor to accelerate the speed at which the poor benefit more from increases in access to social utilities. One of the major ways in which the government can make public spending pro-poor is spending on the sectors that benefit more the poor people such as on social infrastructure (health and education), and on agriculture. JEL Classification: D21

This article reviews the history of the Environment for Development (EfD) initiative, its activities in capacity building and policy-oriented research, and case studies at its centres in Chile, China, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. EfD promotes research-based policies to manage natural resources as engines of development. Since 1991, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) has provided funding for students from developing countries to earn a PhD at the Environmental Economics Unit (EEU) of the University of Gothenburg. Returning home, these economists face institutional and academic gaps that limit the adoption of research-based policies. In response, the first EfD centre was founded in 2004, and six more followed. Research focuses on agriculture, climate, fisheries, parks, wildlife, forestry, energy and policy design. This has yielded 200 peer-reviewed articles. Successful policy outcomes depend on relationships with policy makers, community involvement in livelihood strategies, strengthened institutional support, interdisciplinary approaches, and dissemination of research results.