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The size-dependence of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) is poorly understood in the small particle limit due to complex physical/chemical effects and uncertainties in experimental samples. In this article, we report an approach for synthesizing an ideal class of colloidal Ag nanoparticles with highly uniform morphologies and narrow size distributions. Optical measurements and theoretical analyses for particle diameters in the d ≈ 2-20 nm range are presented. The SPR absorption band exhibits an exceptional behavior: As size decreases from d ≈ 20 nm it blue-shifts but then turns over near d ≈ 12 nm and strongly red-shifts. A multilayer Mie theory model agrees well with the observations, indicating that lowered electron conductivity in the outermost atomic layer, due to chemical interactions, is the cause of the red-shift. We corroborate this picture by experimentally demonstrating precise chemical control of the SPR peak positions via ligand exchange.T he ability to control surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) in metal nanostructures is critical for achieving advances in many areas, including chemical and biological sensing, imaging, optoelectronics, energy harvesting and conversion, and medicine (1-12). Metal nanoparticles (NPs), particularly those of the noble metals (e.g., Au and Ag) that exhibit strong SPRs, have been the focus of much work (13-17). SPRs have intense and broad optical absorption bands that arise from coherent oscillations of conduction electrons near the NP surfaces. In general, SPRs are influenced by their size, morphology, composition, surface chemistry, and surrounding environment (18,19). However, the size-dependence of SPRs that is important for the aforementioned applications (1-12) is poorly understood in the small particle limit due to complex physical and chemical effects as well as uncertainties in experimental samples. Here, we report an approach for synthesizing an ideal class of colloidal Ag NPs with highly uniform morphologies and narrow size distributions. The SPR absorption band for particles with diameters, d, in the range of 2-20 nm is found to exhibit an exceptional behavior: As size decreases from d ≈ 20 nm it blue-shifts but then turns over near d ≈ 12 nm and strongly red-shifts. We have developed a multilayer Mie theory model and the corresponding calculation results agree well with the observations, indicating that the lowered electron conductivity in the outermost atomic layer, due to chemical interactions, is the cause of the red-shift. We corroborate this picture by experimentally demonstrating precise chemical control of the SPR peak positions via ligand exchange. Such chemical control of the NP surface layer may provide a promising strategy for sensitively probing species strongly adsorbed (or bonded) to the NPs.For metal NPs with d or structural features larger than 20 nm, often a purely continuum-level, classical electrodynamics picture suffices for interpretation or prediction of their optical properties. In this approach the bulk dielectric constants for the vario...

Extensive 3-D finite-difference time-domain simulations are carried out to elucidate the nature of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and localized surface plasmon polaritons (LSPs) generated by nanoscale holes in thin metallic films interacting with light. Both isolated nanoholes and square arrays of nanoholes in gold films are considered. For isolated nanoholes, we expand on an earlier discussion of Yin et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 467-469 (2004)] on the origins of fringe patterns in the film and the role of nearfield scanning optical microscope probe interactions. The associated light transmission of a single nanohole is enhanced when a LSP excitation of the nanohole itself is excited. Periodic arrays of nanoholes exhibit more complex behavior, with light transmission peaks exhibiting distinct minima and maxima that can be very well described with Fano lineshape models. This behavior is correlated with the coupling of SPP Bloch waves and more directly transmitted waves through the holes.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) enables photosynthetic light harvesting, wavelength downconversion in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and optical biosensing schemes. The rate and efficiency of this donor to acceptor transfer of excitation between chromophores dictates the utility of FRET and can unlock new device operation motifs including quantum-funnel solar cells, non-contact chromophore pumping from a proximal LED, and markedly reduced gain thresholds. However, the fastest reported FRET time constants involving spherical quantum dots (0.12-1 ns; refs 7-9) do not outpace biexciton Auger recombination (0.01-0.1 ns; ref. 10), which impedes multiexciton-driven applications including electrically pumped lasers and carrier-multiplication-enhanced photovoltaics. Few-monolayer-thick semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) with tens-of-nanometre lateral dimensions exhibit intense optical transitions and hundreds-of-picosecond Auger recombination, but heretofore lack FRET characterizations. We examine binary CdSe NPL solids and show that interplate FRET (∼6-23 ps, presumably for co-facial arrangements) can occur 15-50 times faster than Auger recombination and demonstrate multiexcitonic FRET, making such materials ideal candidates for advanced technologies.

We developed a class of quasi-3D plasmonic crystal that consists of multilayered, regular arrays of subwavelength metal nanostructures. The complex, highly sensitive structure of the optical transmission spectra of these crystals makes them especially well suited for sensing applications. Coupled with quantitative electrodynamics modeling of their optical response, they enable full multiwavelength spectroscopic detection of molecular binding events with sensitivities that correspond to small fractions of a monolayer. The high degree of spatial uniformity of the crystals, formed by a soft nanoimprint technique, provides the ability to image binding events over large areas with micrometer spatial resolution. These features, together with compact form factors, low-cost fabrication procedures, simple readout apparatus, and ability for direct integration into microfluidic networks and arrays, suggest promise for these devices in label-free bioanalytical detection systems.chemical sensing ͉ nanoimprint lithography ͉ surface plasmons ͉ optical transmission spectra

We show how to extract S matrix elements for reactive scattering from just the real part of an evolving wave packet. A three-term recursion scheme allows the real part of a wave packet to be propagated without reference to its imaginary part, so S matrix elements can be calculated efficiently. Our approach can be applied not only to the usual time-dependent Schrödinger equation, but to a modified form with the Hamiltonian operator Ĥ replaced by f(Ĥ), where f is chosen for convenience. One particular choice for f, a cos−1 mapping, yields the Chebyshev iteration that has proved to be useful in several other recent studies. We show how reactive scattering can be studied by following time-dependent wave packets generated by this mapping. These ideas are illustrated through calculation of collinear H+H2→H2+H and three-dimensional (J=0)D+H2→HD+D reactive scattering probabilities on the Liu–Siegbahn–Truhlar–Horowitz (LSTH) potential energy surface.

We investigate the near-field optical coupling between a single semiconductor nanocrystal (quantum dot) and a nanometer-scale plasmonic metal resonator using rigorous electrodynamic simulations. Our calculations show that the quantum dot produces a dip in both the extinction and scattering spectra of the surface-plasmon resonator, with a particularly strong change for the scattering spectrum. A phenomenological coupled-oscillator model is used to fit the calculation results and provide physical insight, revealing the roles of Fano interference and hybridization. The results indicate that it is possible to achieve nearly complete transparency as well as enter the strong-coupling regime for a single quantum dot in the near field of a metal nanostructure.

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