Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors

Stewart, Matthew E.; Anderton, Christopher R.; Thompson, L. J.; Maria, Joana; Gray, Stephen K.; Rogers, John A.; Nuzzo, Ralph G.

doi:10.1021/cr068126n

Cited by 2,254 publications

(1,785 citation statements)

References 499 publications

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“…Some further important relations, i.e., dispersion equations and resonant frequencies of SPPs and LSPs are listed in Table 1 and discussed in greater detail in Section 3.3. Quickly revisiting equations (16) and (17), for a single nanoparticle (NP), Mie theory has the extinction (sum of absorption and scattering cross sections) as [78]:…”

Section: Physical Foundations For Surface Plasmonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where χ is a form factor related to the nanoparticle's aspect ratio (2 for a sphere) [78]. Local surface plasmon resonance occurs at the maximum of the right hand side of equation (18), which is where ε r (ω) ≈ −2ε med (when |ε r | ε i ) [78].…”

Section: Physical Foundations For Surface Plasmonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Local surface plasmon resonance occurs at the maximum of the right hand side of equation (18), which is where ε r (ω) ≈ −2ε med (when |ε r | ε i ) [78]. It should be noted that classical Mie theory (unmodified) is not appropriate for interacting nanostructures (this is particularly important to note when designing arrays intended to take advantage of plasmonic effects).…”

Section: Physical Foundations For Surface Plasmonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmas meet plasmonics

2012

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Abstract. The term 'plasmon' was first coined in 1956 to describe collective electronic oscillations in solids which were very similar to electronic oscillations/surface waves in a plasma discharge (effectively the same formulae can be used to describe the frequencies of these physical phenomena). Surface waves originating in a plasma were initially considered to be just a tool for basic research, until they were successfully used for the generation of large-area plasmas for nanoscale materials synthesis and processing. To demonstrate the synergies between 'plasmons' and 'plasmas', these large-area plasmas can be used to make plasmonic nanostructures which functionally enhance a range of emerging devices. The incorporation of plasmafabricated metal-based nanostructures into plasmonic devices is the missing link needed to bridge not only surface waves from traditional plasma physics and surface plasmons from optics, but also, more topically, macroscopic gaseous and nanoscale metal plasmas. This article first presents a brief review of surface waves and surface plasmons, then describe how these areas of research may be linked through Plasma Nanoscience showing, by closely looking at the essential physics as well as current and future applications, how everything old, is new, once again.

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Section: Physical Foundations For Surface Plasmonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical Foundations For Surface Plasmonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical Foundations For Surface Plasmonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmas meet plasmonics

2012

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“…Many methods of fabrication focus on structures of gold because it has useful plasmonic and electronic properties, it does not oxidize under ambient conditions, and it is easily deposited by evaporation. 19 To demonstrate that our process could be used with materials in addition to gold, we formed nanostructures of silver, silicon, palladium, platinum, silicon dioxide, www.acsnano.org the conducting organic polymer poly(pyrrole) (PPy), and films of lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals. We also demonstrated the ability to fabricate structures of two or more materials in the same array.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Replication of Arrays of Single- or Multicomponent Nanostructures by Replica Molding and Mechanical Sectioning

Lipomi¹,

Kats

Kim

et al. 2010

ACS Nano

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. § These authors contributed equally to this work.T he interaction of electromagnetic fields with metallic nanostructures can produce collective oscillations of the conduction electrons at metalϪdielectric interfaces. These oscillations are known as localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and are responsible for most of the phenomena in the field of plasmonics. 1 Two-and threedimensional arrays of metallic nanostructures could play key roles in functional materials. Optical filters, 2,3 substrates for optical detection of chemical and biological analytes using LSPRs 4 or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), 5Ϫ7 substrates for enhanced luminosity, 8 materials to augment absorption in thin-film photovoltaic devices, 9,10 metamaterials 11,12 with negative magnetic permeabilities 13 and negative refractive indices, 14 and surfaces for perfect lenses 15 and invisibility cloaking 16 are examples of possible and realized applications. There are, however, significant technical challenges in generating arbitrary patterns of metallic, dielectric, and semiconducting nanostructures for research and for potential commercial devices. The most sophisticated patterns are fabricated using electron-beam lithography (EBL), 17 focusedion beam (FIB) milling and lithography, 14 or direct laser writing. 18 These techniques can generate nearly arbitrary patterns in resists (e.g., EBL) or hard materials (e.g., FIB milling), but they are serial, expensive, and require access to a cleanroom.A number of techniques have emerged that have begun to address the challenges associated with conventional scanningbeam lithographic tools. 19 Xia and coworkers recently reviewed synthetic methods that can produce large quantities of high-quality metallic structures for plasmonic applications. 20 These materials, however, are difficult to arrange in the ordered arrays that are required for many applications in optics. 21 Van Duyne and co-workers have developed an approach to generate ordered arrays of metallic particles called "nanosphere lithography", which uses a monolayer of colloidal crystals as a stencil mask; the triangular voids direct the deposition of metal on the substrate by evaporation. 22 Giessen and co-workers used the same voids as apertures through which to produce split-ring resonators by rotating the substrate at an angle during evaporation. 23 The laboratories of Rogers, Odom, Nuzzo, and others have used soft lithographic processes to fabricate large-area patterns of metallic nanostructures.

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“…1 The exploitation of the electronic structure of these materials at the nanoscale has strong implications for the development of high-throughput electronic devices, like those based on field emission. 2 Field emission from nanostructured materials, in particular, has captured extensive attention in the past few years due to the enormous field enhancement possible at sharp tips anticipated as a function of their size and shape in the nanoscale. 3 Moreover, carbon-based materials such as diamond, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphenes etc.…”

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confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Rh–carbon nanotube based heterostructures and their enhanced field emission characteristics

et al. 2010

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Selective decoration of Rh nanospheres on acid functionalized carbon nanotubes has been demonstrated using Al as a sacrificial substrate. Remarkable field emission has been observed for this heterostructure as a high current density of 170 lA cm À2 is generated at an ultra-low threshold of 300 V lm À1 , compared to much smaller values for Rh nanospheres and carbon nanotubes separately.Metal nanostructures of tunable size and shape have been the central focus of current research due to their unusual electronic, optical and magnetic properties that are often different from those of their bulk counterparts. 1 The exploitation of the electronic structure of these materials at the nanoscale has strong implications for the development of high-throughput electronic devices, like those based on field emission. 2 Field emission from nanostructured materials, in particular, has captured extensive attention in the past few years due to the enormous field enhancement possible at sharp tips anticipated as a function of their size and shape in the nanoscale. 3 Moreover, carbon-based materials such as diamond, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphenes etc. are more favorable in terms of their stability and mechanical strength. 4 Unfortunately, their higher resistivity diminishes their replenishment and transport of electrons, thereby requiring higher threshold fields with time to sustain a constant emission current. 5 Since carbon nanotubes are already considered to be good emitters, 6 their desirable properties may be further enhanced by making use of the electronic properties (work function and the structure of density of states) of metal decorated CNT heterostructures since some of these can operate remarkably well (lower applied voltages) below the intrinsic current limit due to their thermal effects. 7 Current strategies of binding nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) often make use of small organic bridging molecules to improve the adhesion between the nanostructures and CNTs. 8 This not only complicates the process but also results in indirect and poorer contact between different phases. Indeed, the consequential increase in the barrier for electron transport can adversely affect materials performance in emission applications. 9 Enormous improvements have been made, to date, in metal/CNT heterostructures using silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh) and gold (Au) despite the poor durability issues for some of these heterostructures. 8,10 Among these, Rh/CNTs could especially be promising due to their features such as excellent electrical performance, chemical inertness, mechanical strength, remarkable thermal stability, lower electron affinity and significant stability toward ion bombardment. 11 Herein we report such an enhanced field emission from Rh nanospheres decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as compared to Rh nanospheres and acid functionalized MWNTs. Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals conclusive mechanistic evidence for oxidative functionalization followed by effective dec...

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Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors

Cited by 2,254 publications

References 499 publications

Plasmas meet plasmonics

Plasmas meet plasmonics

Fabrication and Replication of Arrays of Single- or Multicomponent Nanostructures by Replica Molding and Mechanical Sectioning

Synthesis of Rh–carbon nanotube based heterostructures and their enhanced field emission characteristics

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