A mathematical model of the direct chill (DC) casting process for magnesium billets has been developed to predict the temperature in the billet, dummy block, and center pin using the commercial finiteelement (FE) package, ABAQUS. Boundary conditions used for primary and secondary cooling and interfacial cooling between the billet and dummy block were defined based on the literature and knowledge of the physical phenomena occurring during the process. Temperatures in the billet, mold, and dummy block, as well as sump depth, were measured for a series of casting conditions during a plant trial conducted at Timminco Metals. The data obtained during the plant trial were used to "fine-tune" and validate the model for a variety of industrial casting conditions.
The main application for strontium, an alkaline‐earth metal, is in the form of strontium compounds. The carbonate, used in cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for color televisions and color computer monitors, is used both in the manufacturing of the glass envelopes of CRTs and in the phosphors which give the color. Owing to use as a eutectic modifier in aluminum–silicon casting alloys, rapid growth of metal production has occurred. The addition of strontium changes the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in improved ductility and strength in cast aluminum automotive parts such as wheels, intake manifolds, and cylinder heads. Strontium metal is also used as an inoculant in ductile iron castings. Other applications include modifying the structure of 6000 series aluminum extrusion alloys, reducing the shrinkage microporosity in magnesium gravity‐casting alloys, and as an addition to lead alloys used for starting, lighting, and ignition batteries. Economic data and health and safety information are included. Chemical and physical properties and discussions of specific strontium compounds are provided.
The main application for strontium, an alkaline‐earth metal, is in the form of strontium compounds. The carbonate, used in cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for color televisions and color computer monitors, is used both in the manufacturing of the glass envelopes of CRTs and in the phosphors which give the color. Owing to use as a eutectic modifier in aluminum–silicon casting alloys, rapid growth of metal production has occurred. The addition of strontium changes the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in improved ductility and strength in cast aluminum automotive parts such as wheels, intake manifolds, and cylinder heads. Strontium metal is also used as an inoculant in ductile iron castings. Other applications include modifying the structure of 6000 series aluminum extrusion alloys, reducing the shrinkage microporosity in magnesium gravity‐casting alloys, and as an addition to lead alloys used for starting, lighting, and ignition batteries. Chemical and physical properties and discussions of specific strontium compounds are provided.
Strontium is a hard white metal. Strontium forms 0.02–0.03% of the earth's crust. The principal strontium mineral is celestite, naturally occurring sodium sulfate. The leading producing countries of celestite are China, Mexico, and Spain. World resources are thought to be 1 billion tons. Nearly all strontium metal is produced commercially by the thermal reduction process in alloy steel retorts. The strontium ion has a low order of toxicity and most compounds have a low order of toxicity. Compounds containing the isotope Sr‐90 are the most toxic. The main uses for strontium is in the form of compounds. End uses include in pyrotechnics, and signals, ferrite ceramic magnets, master alloys, pigments and fillers, and the electrolytic production of zinc. Strontium compounds discussed are acetate, carbonate, hexaferrite, halides, nitrate, oxide, hydroxide, peroxide, sulfate, and titanate.
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