Tissue simulants are typically used in ballistic testing as substitutes for biological tissues. Many simulants have been used, with gelatine amongst the most common. While two concentrations of gelatine (10 and 20 %) have been used extensively, no agreed standard exists for the preparation of either. Comparison of ballistic damage produced in both concentrations is lacking. The damage produced in gelatine is also questioned, with regards to what it would mean for specific areas of living tissue. The aim of the work discussed in this paper was to consider how damage caused by selected pistol and rifle ammunition varied in different simulants. Damage to gelatine blocks 10 and 20 % in concentration were tested with 9 mm Luger (9 × 19 full metal jacket; FMJ) rounds, while damage produced by .223 Remington (5.56 × 45 Federal Premium® Tactical® Bonded®) rounds to porcine thorax sections (skin, underlying tissue, ribs, lungs, ribs, underlying tissue, skin; backed by a block of 10 % gelatine) were compared to 10 and 20 % gelatine blocks. Results from the .223 Remington rifle round, which is one that typically expands on impact, revealed depths of penetration in the thorax arrangement were significantly different to 20 % gelatine, but not 10 % gelatine. The level of damage produced in the simulated thoraxes was smaller in scale to that witnessed in both gelatine concentrations, though greater debris was produced in the thoraxes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1309-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Reports on penetrating ballistic head injuries in the literature are dominated by case studies of suicides; the penetrating ammunition usually being .22 rimfire or shotgun. The dominating cause of injuries in modern warfare is fragmentation and hence, this is the primary threat that military helmets protect the brain from. When helmets are perforated, this is usually by bullets. In combat, 20% of penetrating injuries occur to the head and its wounding accounts for 50% of combat deaths. A number of head simulants are described in the academic literature, in ballistic test methods for helmets (including measurement of behind helmet blunt trauma, BHBT) and in the 'open' and 'closed' government literature of several nations. The majority of these models are not anatomically correct and are not assessed with high-velocity rifle ammunition. In this article, an anatomically correct 'skull' (manufactured from polyurethane) and 'brain' (manufactured from 10%, by mass, gelatine) model for use in military wound ballistic studies is described. Filling the cranium completely with gelatine resulted in a similar 'skull' fracture pattern as an anatomically correct 'brain' combined with a representation of cerebrospinal fluid. In particular, posterior cranial fossa and occipital fractures and brain ejection were observed. This pattern of injury compared favourably to reported case studies of actual incidents in the literature.
Anti-slash protection is required for the arms, neck, shoulders, and thighs. The clinical experience of knife-attack victims provides information on the relative vulnerabilities of different regions of the body. It is anticipated that designing a tunic-type of Police uniform that is inherently stab and slash resistant will eventually replace the current obvious and often bulky extra protective vest. Attempts at making a combined garment will need to be guided by ergonomic considerations and field testing. A similar anatomical regional risk model might also be appropriate in the design of anti-ballistic armour and combined anti-ballistic and knife-resistant armour.
16Human hunting has been a cornerstone of research in human evolutionary studies,
In this study, we examine the relationship between employees' core self-evaluations (CSE) and workplace deviance. Further, taking a person-environment perspective, we utilize a conservation of resources framework (Hobfoll, 1989), proposing that the degree to which employees are able to attain resources, versus the extent to which resources are drained from the individual, acts as a mediating mechanism between CSE and deviance. Specifically, we propose that employees' CSE is related to deviance through its association with a decrease in the depletion of resources (utilized as emotional exhaustion) and an increase in the ability to garner external resources by fostering social exchange relationships within the workplace (utilized as trust in the supervisor).Data were collected from 518 employee-supervisor dyads across 35 different organizations.Results revealed that trust in the supervisor fully mediated the relationship between CSE and deviance directed both at other individuals and the organization, whilst emotional exhaustion was a significant mediator for the relationship between CSE and interpersonal deviance.Implications for theory and practice are also discussed. CSE, RESOURCES AND DEVIANCE 3Core self-evaluations and workplace deviance:The role of resources and self-regulation IntroductionIn recent years, there has been a significant degree of interest regarding workplace deviance Robinson, 2000, 2003; Bennett, 1995, 1997 -for a review see Berry, Ones, and Sackett, 2007), which has been defined as "voluntary behavior of organizational members that violates significant organizational norms, and in so doing, threatens the well-being of an organization, its members, or both" (Robinson and Bennett, 1995: 556).Further, some scholars have looked to understand why employees engage in such deviant behaviors; however, there appears to be a lack of consensus as to what promotes, and subsequently motivates, workplace deviance. For example, some scholars have argued that the cause of deviant behavior can primarily be explained through situational factors; suggesting deviance is a reaction to negative situations, such as injustice (e.g. Skarlicki and Folger, 1997;Skarlicki, Folger, and Tesluk, 1999), the failure of others to fulfill obligations (e.g. Bordia, Restubog, and Tang, 2008), or abusive supervision (e.g. Mitchell and Ambrose, 2007, Tepper, 2000, 2007Thau, Bennett, Mitchell, and Marrs, 2009). Other scholars have focused on the influence of individual factors, such as the personality traits of narcissism (e.g. Judge, LePine, and Rich, 2006) and conscientiousness (e.g. Mount, Ilies, and E. Johnson, 2006); which suggests that individuals have different predispositions regarding their interpretations of, and interactions with, the wider social context. Surprisingly, considering the size of the extant literature, there have been relatively fewer studies that have considered both individual factors, and situational influences, with regard to the antecedents of workplace deviance (some notable exceptions include: A...
Ballistic damage to the clothing of victims of gunshot wounds to the chest can provide useful forensic evidence. Anyone shot in the torso will usually be wearing clothing which will be damaged by the penetrating impact event and can reportedly be the source of some of the debris in the wound. Minimal research has previously been reported regarding the effect of bullets on apparel fabrics and underlying tissue. This paper examines the effect of ammunition (9 mm full metal jacket [FMJ] DM11 A1B2, 8.0 g; and soft point flat nose Remington R357M3, 10.2 g) on clothing layers that cover the torso (T-shirt, T-shirt plus hoodie, T-shirt plus denim jacket) and underlying structures represented by porcine thoracic wall (skin, underlying tissue, ribs). Impacts were recorded using a Phantom V12 high speed camera. Ejected bone debris was collected before wound tracts were dissected and measured; any debris found was recovered for further analysis. Size and mass of bony debris was recorded; fibre debris recovered from the wound and impact damage to fabrics were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Remington R357M3 ammunition was characteristically associated with stellate fabric damage; individual fibres were less likely to show mushrooming. In contrast, 9 mm FMJ ammunition resulted in punch-out damage to fabric layers, with mushrooming of individual fibres being more common. Entry wound sizes were similar for both types of ammunition and smaller than the diameter of the bullet that caused them. In this work, the Remington R357M3 ammunition resulted in larger exit wounds due to the bullet construction which mushroomed. That fabric coverings did not affect the amount of bony debris produced is interesting, particularly given there was some evidence that apparel layers affected the size of the wound. Recent work has suggested that denim (representative of jeans) can exacerbate wounding caused by high-velocity bullet impacts to the thigh when the bullet does not impact the femur. That more bony debris was caused by Remington R357M3 rather than 9 mm FMJ ammunition was not surprising given the relative constructions of these two bullets, and is of interest to medical practitioners.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.