Use Enteromorpha clathrate as a carbon and nitrogen precursor could obtain the N-doped porous carbon materials by two-step pyrolysis. In this paper, the exogenous nitrogen (urea, melamine) and activating agents (KOH, ZnCl 2 ) were employed for the production of higher-performance carbon materials from seaweed biomass. SEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, XPS, Raman and ultimate analyses were carried out to investigate the morpho-structural and elemental peculiarities of the carbonaceous materials. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry (CV) , galvanostatic chargedischarge (GCD) and cyclic charge-discharge tests were carried out to examine the electrochemical properties of the samples. The results showed that electrochemical performance of the carbonaceous materials improved by adding the appropriate nitrogen sources. This improvement was observed under either condition, when the nitrogen source and activating agent were melamine and ZnCl 2 or urea and KOH, respectively. Specifically, under the condition with KOH as the activator, the nitrogen content of carbon material without exogenous nitrogen was initially 1.46%. After the addition of urea or melamine, the nitrogen content increased to 4.86% and 6.18%, respectively. Under the condition with ZnCl 2 as the activator, and without exogenous nitrogen, the nitrogen content of carbon materials was initially 3.75%. However, after adding urea or melamine, the nitrogen content increased to 12.11% and 14.76%, respectively. The carbonaceous materials (prepared from urea/KOH and melamine/ZnCl 2 ) showed excellent gravimetric capacitances of 172 and 151.5 F/g at 1A/g. Moreover, at a current density of 5 A/g, their specific capacitance retention rate reached 78.3% and 82.6% respectively after 1000 cycles.
Improving daytime loads can mitigate some of the challenges posed by solar variations in solar-integrated power systems. Thus, this simulation study investigated the different levels of daytime peak loads under varying solar penetration conditions in solar-integrated power systems to improve power generation cost performance based on different load profiles and to mitigate the challenges encountered due to solar variation. The daytime peak loads during solar photovoltaic generation hours were determined by measuring the solar load correlation coefficients between each load profile and the solar irradiation, and the generation costs were determined using a dynamic economic dispatch method with particle swarm optimization in a MATLAB environment. The results revealed that the lowest generation costs were generally associated with load profiles that had low solar load correlation coefficients. Conversely, the load profile with the highest positive solar load correlation coefficient exhibited the highest generation costs, which were mainly associated with violations of the supply-demand balance requirement. However, this profile also exhibited the lowest generation costs at high levels of solar penetration. This result indicates that improving daytime load management could improve generation costs under high solar penetration conditions. However, if the generation system lacks sufficient ramping capability, this technique could pose operational challenges that adversely impact power generation costs.
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