INTRODUCTION The present work examined the effect of passive exposure to electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) emissions on respiratory mechanics and exhaled inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS A cross-over experimental study was conducted with 40 healthy nonsmokers, 18-35 years old with normal physical examination and spirometry, with body mass index <30 kg/m 2 , who were exposed to e-cigarette emissions produced by a smoker, according to a standardized protocol based on two resistance settings, 0.5 ohm and 1.5 ohm, for e-cigarette use. All participants underwent a 30-minute control (no emissions) and two experimental sessions (0.5 and 1.5 ohm exposure) in a 35 m 3 room. The following Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) parameters were measured at pre and post sessions: impedance, resistance, reactance, resonant frequency (fres), frequency dependence of resistance (fdr=R5-R20), reactance area (AX), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Differences between pre and post measurements were compared using t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons between experimental sessions (registered under ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03102684). RESULTS IOS and FeNO parameters showed no significant changes during the control session. For IOS during the 1.5 ohm exposure session, fres increased significantly from 11.38 Hz at baseline to 12.16 Hz post exposure (p=0.047). FeNO decreased significantly from 24.16 ppb at baseline to 22.35 ppb post exposure in the 0.5 ohm session (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS A 30-minute passive exposure to e-cigarette emissions revealed immediate alterations in respiratory mechanics and exhaled biomarkers, expressed as increased fres and reduced FeNO.
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INTRODUCTION Occupational exposure to Second Hand Smoke (SHS) continues to be an issue, even in countries with strong tobacco control legislation. The current study assessed the effect of chronic occupational exposure to SHS on cardiorespiratory exercise response among healthy adult non-smokers. METHODS 60 healthy non-smokers; 38 men, 22 women, aged 18-58 years with body mass index (BMI)<30 were separated into exposed to occupational SHS (exposed, n=30) and those non-exposed (controls, n=30) to occupational SHS in the hospitality sector. All individuals underwent baseline spirometry and ergospirometry testing. Non-smoking status was confirmed with exhaled CO, SHS exposure with urine cotinine measurement and indoor environmental pollution with PM2.5 concentration. Statistical differences among groups were determined with an independent t-test and p-value set to <0.05. RESULTS The exposed group had an average range of 6.9% to 14% lower exercise performance against their % predicted compared to controls. Significant mean differences standard deviation found between groups for ergospirometry were: oxygen uptake (VO 2 , mL/minute) 11.8 3.9 (p=0.004) and 11.7 4.8 (p=0.019); carbon dioxide output (VCO 2 ) 14.0 3.7 (p<0.001) and 13.4 5.0 (p=0.009); metabolic equivalents (METS) 11.9 3.9 (p=0.003) and 11.7 4.9 (p=0.018) and for oxygen pulse (VO 2 /HR) 16.6 7.551 (p=0.032) and 11.9 4.554 (p=0.011) at points of maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) and recovery (RC) against % predicted values, respectively. CONCLUSION Chronic occupational SHS exposure among non-smokers deteriorates CR exercise performance. Its impact on chronic disease development should be further explored. These results add to the evidence of the importance of enforcing clean indoor air legislations..Cardiorespiratory response to exercise of nonsmokers occupationally exposed to second hand smoke (SHS)
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