In order to identify transcriptional regulators involved in virulence gene control in Brucella melitensis, we generated a collection of 88 mutants in the AraC, ArsR, Crp, DeoR, GntR, IclR, LysR, MerR, RpiR, and TetR families of regulators. This collection was named LiMuR (library of mutants for regulators). We developed a method to test several mutants simultaneously in one animal in order to identify those unable to survive. This method, called the plasmid-tagged mutagenesis method, was used to test the residual virulence of mutants after 1 week in a mouse model of infection. Ten attenuated mutants, of which six and three belong to the GntR and LysR families, respectively, were identified and individually confirmed to replicate at lower rates in mice. Among these 10 mutants, only gntR10 and arsR6 are attenuated in cellular models. The LiMuR also allows simple screenings to identify regulators of a particular gene or operon. As a first example, we analyzed the expression of the virB operon in the LiMuR mutants. We carried out Western blottings of whole-cell extracts to analyze the production of VirB proteins using polyclonal antisera against VirB proteins. Four mutants produced small amounts of VirB proteins, and one mutant overexpressed VirB proteins compared to the wild-type strain. In these five mutants, reporter analysis using the virB promoter fused to lacZ showed that three mutants control virB at the transcriptional level. The LiMuR is a resource that will provide straightforward identification of regulators involved in the control of genes of interest.Bacteria have selected mechanisms to express only the appropriate subset of genes conferring a growth or survival advantage in a given situation (10). The expression of many bacterial genes is regulated at the initiation of transcription by regulators which, in response to specific environmental and/or cellular signals, bind at the promoter of target genes to activate or repress them (23).The availability of complete bacterial genome sequences has opened up doors to the development of new strategies to study the biology of microorganisms (59). For instance, the complete Brucella melitensis sequence (15) allowed us to conduct a systematic study of several families of regulators in this organism. Bacteria of the genus Brucella are facultative intracellular gram-negative coccobacilli that are pathogenic for domestic animals and occasionally for humans (57). Some transcriptional regulators of Brucella that have a role in the control of virulence have already been identified. Indeed, the two-component system BvrR/BvrS controls cell invasion, intracellular survival, and expression of two outer membrane proteins (25, 58). Some transcriptional regulators required for Brucella's virulence were also identified in several screens in cellular models and in BALB/c mice (19,31,35,36). Random screening for attenuated mutants may not be viewed as a comprehensive analysis that would allow the identification of all regulators involved in the virulence of the model tested. We...

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In Peru, the adoption of a new school curriculum based on gender equality and nondiscrimination against sexual minorities led to the mobilization in 2016 of organizations connected to conservative churches under the slogan Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas (Don't Mess with My Children). This new countermovement uses street protests, the courts, and Congress to disseminate an antigender agenda that goes beyond its initial opposition to sexual education. Organizations in the countermovement consider the concept of gender to be a dangerous imperialist ideology, arguing that the state violates individual freedoms when it uses gender as one of the pillars of public policy.