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This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. AbstractScope: Formula-derived Dietary Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) may promote programming of inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) piglets. Methods and results:IUGR piglets received either a Low Temperature Heated Formula (LHF: n=8) or a High Temperature Heated Formula (HHF: n=8) or suckled naturally for 3 weeks postnatally. Then they were fed with normal ad libutum regular diet. Nɛ carboxymethyllysine (CML) was measured in plasma, feces and formula by HPLC/MS-MS.CML was detected by immunofluoresence in kidney cells. Target renin-angiotensin, apoptotic, proinflammatory genes, p62 NF-κB and sRAGE levels were quantified. Compared with that in controls, free CML and plasma urea increased significantly in the HHF fed group at PND36 (P<0.05). CML was detected in nuclei of renal tubular cells of fed formula piglets but not in suckled ones. This presence of CML was associated with the activation of the soluble sRAGE. AT1, AT2, caspase 3, caspase 8, NF-κB, p62 NF-κB and total protein oxidation in kidney were higher in HHF fed group as compared to LHF fed group (P<0.05). Conclusion:Food processes aimed at reducing the concentration of AGEs in infant formula are urgently needed and may be therapeutically relevant for premature and/or IUGR babies.

This study investigated the effect of a modified yeast cell wall extract preparation (YCW) on the excretion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in feces, urine, and milk of dairy ewes fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Sixteen ewes in mid-lactation were assigned to 4 treatment groups: control, AF (60 μg of AFB1/kg of feed), YCW (2 g/kg of feed), and AF+YCW. The trial consisted of a short-term (3-d) exposure period followed by a long-term (21-d) exposure period. At the end of each exposure period, milk, urine, and feces were collected over 72 h. The treatments did not affect feed intake, milk production, milk composition, or body weight. The presence of AFM1 was detected in all matrices, whereas AFB1 was only present in feces. Daily excretion was higher following long-term exposure and reached 26.9 μg of AFB1/d in feces, 37.2 μg of AFM1/d in feces, and 10.7 μg of AFM1/d in urine. Supplementation with YCW was effective in increasing aflatoxin excretion in feces in the long-term exposure (up to 156% increase). The effect was accompanied by a trend of decreasing urinary excretion of AFM1. In contrast, the addition of YCW to the contaminated diet did not affect the transfer of aflatoxins from feed to milk under the present experimental conditions with low-producing ewes. The transfer rates of AFM1 in milk ranged from 0.24 to 0.54%. In conclusion, feed supplementation with YCW reduced the absorption of AFB1 and increased the elimination of AFB1 and AFM1 in ewe feces. Yeast cell wall extract could be used to protect ruminants from chronic exposure to aflatoxins present in feeds.

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Crops have different strategies to acquire poorly-available soil phosphorus (P) which are dependent on their architectural, morphological, and physiological root traits, but their capacity to enhance P acquisition varies with the type of fertilizer applied. The objective of this study was to examine how P-acquisition strategies of three main crops are affected by the application of sewage sludges, compared with a mineral P fertilizer. We carried out a 3-months greenhouse pot experiment and compared the response of P-acquisition traits among wheat, barley and canola in a soil amended with three sludges or a mineral P fertilizer. Results showed that the P-acquisition strategy differed among crops. Compared with canola, wheat and barley had a higher specific root length and a greater root carboxylate release and they acquired as much P from sludge as from mineral P. By contrast, canola shoot P content was greater with sludge than with mineral P. This was attributed to a higher root-released acid phosphatase activity which promoted the mineralization of sludge-derived P-organic. This study showed that contrasted P-acquisition strategies of crops allows increased use of renewable P resources by optimizing combinations of crop and the type of P fertilizer applied within the cropping system.

The cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can bind mycotoxins in vitro but there is scarce 2 information on whether this property decreases the absorption of mycotoxins in vivo. The effect of a yeast cell wall preparation (YCW) on toxicokinetics and balance excretion (urine 4 and faeces) of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was tested in rats after oral administration of each toxin. The 3 H-labelled mycotoxins were used at low doses. Co-6 administration of YCW with AFB1 decreased the extent, but not the rate of absorption.Concurrently, radioactivity excreted in faeces increased by up to 55% when compared to 8 controls, whilst the excretion in urine decreased (p < 0.05). The effect of YCW on OTA was less marked, although it increased radioactivity excretion in faeces (up to 16%; p < 0.05) it 10 did not result in changes in urine and toxicokinetic parameters. The in vivo effect is in agreement with the reported in vitro binding ability for these toxins (AFB1 > OTA). In 12 conclusion, these results indicate that YCW could be used to protect monogastric animals against exposure to low dietary levels of selected mycotoxins. 14

Plant–soil–microbe interactions play a central role in plant nutrient acquisition and thus ecosystem functioning and nutrient availability in agroecosystems. Adjustments in root morphology, root exudation and associations with micro‐organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are common for phosphorus acquisition. Yet how plant below‐ground functional traits interact with microbial communities for P acquisition remains largely unknown, limiting our understanding of phosphorus availability in agroecosystems. Interactions between below‐ground functional traits and rhizosheath soil microbial communities for P acquisition were investigated across eight herbaceous species with contrasting root traits. Root morphological and physiological traits involved in P acquisition were quantified simultaneously with PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) and NLFA (neutral lipid fatty acid) microbial bioindicators. Multiple correlations were observed between root morphology, root exudates and rhizosheath fungal and bacterial communities. Root exudates and in particular release of malate and malonate were strongly linked with indicators of Gram‐negative bacteria, which were correlated with changes in rhizosheath soil P concentration and plant P content. Our results suggest that root exudation of carboxylates may play an important role in plant–soil–microbe interactions for P acquisition, underlining their likely role in shaping microbial communities. Incorporating these interactions in biogeochemical models would lead to better predicting power and understanding of P cycling and ecosystem functioning. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.