Direct bandgap group IV materials may thus represent a pathway towards the monolithic integration of Si-photonic circuitry and CMOS technology.Although a group IV direct bandgap material has not been demonstrated yet, silicon photonics using CMOS-compatible processes has made great progress through the development of Si-based waveguides 12 , photodetectors 13 and modulators 14 . The thus emerging technology is rapidly expanding the landscape of photonics applications towards tele-and data communication as well as sensing from the infrared to the mid infrared wavelength range 15-17 . Today's light sources of such systems are lasers made from direct bandgap group III-V materials operated off-or on-chip which requires fibre coupling or heterogeneous integration, for example by wafer bonding 3 , contact printing 4,5 or direct growth 6,7 , respectively. Hence, a laser source made of a direct bandgap group IV material would further boost lab-on-a-chip and trace gas sensing 15 as well as optical interconnects 18 by enabling monolithic integration. In this context, Ge plays a prominent role since the conduction band minimum at the -point of the Brillouin-zone (referred to as -valley) is 3 located only approx. 140 meV above the fourfold degenerate indirect L-valley. To compensate for this energy difference and thus form a laser gain medium, heavy n-type doping of slightly tensile strained Ge has been proposed 19 . Later, laser action has been reported for optically 20 and electrically pumped Ge 21 doped to approx. 1 and 4×10 19 cm -3 , respectively. However, pump-probe measurements of similarly doped and strained material did not show evidence for net gain 22 , and in spite of numerous attempts, researchers failed to substantiate above results up to today. Other investigated concepts concern the engineering of the Ge band structure towards a direct bandgap semiconductor using micromechanicallystressed Ge nanomembranes 9 or silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) stressor layers 23 . Very recently, Süess et al. 10 presented a stressor-free technique which enables the introduction of more than 5.7 % 24 uniaxial tensile strain in Ge µ-bridges via selective wet under-etching of a pre-stressedlayer. An alternative technique in order to achieve direct bandgap material is to incorporate Sn atoms into a Ge lattice, which primarily reduces the gap at the -point. At a sufficiently high fraction of Sn, the energy of the -valley decreases below that of the L-valley. This indirect-to-direct transition for relaxed GeSn binaries has been predicted to occur at about 20 % Sn by Jenkins et al. 25 , but more recent calculations indicate much lower required Sn concentrations in the range of 6.5-11.0 % 26,27 . A major challenge for the realization of such GeSn alloys is the low (< 1 %) equilibrium solubility of Sn in Ge 28 and the large lattice mismatch of about 15 % between Ge and -Sn. For GeSn grown on Ge substrates, this mismatch induces biaxial compressive strain causing a shift of the  and L-valley crossover towards higher Sn concentrations ...

The strong correlation between advancing the performance of Si microelectronics and their demand of low power consumption requires new ways of data communication. Photonic circuits on Si are already highly developed except for an eligible on-chip laser source integrated monolithically. The recent demonstration of an optically pumped waveguide laser made from the Si-congruent GeSn alloy, monolithical laser integration has taken a big step forward on the way to an all-inclusive nanophotonic platform in CMOS. We present group IV microdisk lasers with significant improvements in lasing temperature and lasing threshold compared to the previously reported nonundercut Fabry−Perot type lasers. Lasing is observed up to 130 K with optical excitation density threshold of 220 kW/cm 2 at 50 K. Additionally the influence of strain relaxation on the band structure of undercut resonators is discussed and allows the proof of laser emission for a just direct Ge 0.915 Sn 0.085 alloy where Γ and L valleys have the same energies. Moreover, the observed cavity modes are identified and modeled.

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Abstract:In this letter, we propose a heterostructure design for tunnel field effect transistors with two low direct bandgap group IV compounds, GeSn and highly tensely strained Ge in combination with ternary SiGeSn alloy. Electronic band calculations show that strained Ge, used as channel, grown on Ge 1-x Sn x (x>9%) buffer, as source, becomes a direct bandgap which significantly increases the tunneling probability. The SiGeSn ternaries are well suitable as drain since they offer a large indirect bandgap. The growth of such heterostructures with the desired band alignment is presented. The crystalline quality of the (Si)Ge(Sn) layers is similar to state-of-the-art SiGe layers.

A comprehensive study of optical transitions in direct bandgap Ge 0.875 Sn 0.125 group IV alloys via photoluminescence measurements as a function of temperature, compressive strain and excitation power is performed. The analysis of the integrated emission intensities reveals a strain-dependent indirect-to-direct bandgap transition, in good agreement with band structure calculations based on 8 band k•p and deformation potential method. We have observed and quantified  valley -heavy hole and  valley -light hole transitions at low pumping power and low temperatures in order to verify the splitting of the valence band due to strain. We will demonstrate that the intensity evolution of these transitions supports the conclusion about the fundamental direct bandgap in compressively strained GeSn alloys. The presented investigation, thus, demonstrates that direct bandgap group IV alloys can be directly grown on Ge-buffered Si(001) substrates despite their residual compressive strain.2 KEYWORDS: direct bandgap, photoluminescence, germanium tin, group IV, compressive strain TOC GRAPHIC 3 Group IV semiconductors are known for their excellent electronic transport properties but limited optical applicability due to their indirect bandgap nature, turning them into inefficient light emitters. However, the pioneering work of R.Soref and C.H. Perry 1 and, later He and Atwater 2 as well as subsequent theoretical studies [3][4][5] indicated that alloying two group IV elements, i.e. semiconducting Ge and semimetallic -Sn, should result in a group IV semiconductor which could be tuned from a fundamental indirect to a direct bandgap material by increasing the substitutional Sn concentration in the Ge lattice. Although it was unanimously accepted that the -valley of the conduction band can be decreased below the Lvalley, theoretical estimates of the required Sn content for this transition as well as the impact of strain on the transition are widely spread. 6,7 This prospect has driven large efforts to grow device-grade GeSn epilayers, [8][9][10][11] prove their fundamental direct bandgap and finally to demonstrate photonic functionality. Recently, advances in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)of GeSn binaries with high Sn contents of up to 14% has been reported 9,10,12-15 which enabled not only the proof of the direct bandgap nature but also the unambiguous demonstration of laser action at 2.3 µm under optical pumping. 16 Hence, direct bandgap GeSn alloys are CMOS-compatible IV-IV semiconductors with novel optical and electrical properties that are similar to those of III-V and II-VI compounds, used today in optoelectronic applications, i.e. The growth temperature (350°C), the total pressure and the partial pressures of the source gases were kept constant, resulting in the growth of GeSn alloys with a Sn content of 12.5 ± 0.5%. 11,15 Due to the lattice mismatch between the GeSn film and Ge virtual substrate, the GeSn layers were biaxially compressively strained. The films are fully strained for thicknesses below the critical t...

The effect of Si-doping on the morphology, structure, and transport properties of nanowires was investigated. The nanowires were deposited by selective-area metal organic vapor phase epitaxy in an N 2 ambient. It is observed that doping systematically affects the nanowire morphology but not the structure of the nanowires. However, the transport properties of the wires are greatly affected. Room-temperature four-terminal measurements show that with an increasing dopant supply the conductivity monotonously increases. For the highest doping level the conductivity is higher by a factor of 25 compared to only intrinsically doped reference nanowires. By means of back-gate field-effect transistor measurements it was confirmed that the doping results in an increased carrier concentration. Temperature dependent resistance measurements reveal, for lower doping concentrations, a thermally activated semiconductor-type increase of the conductivity. In contrast, the nanowires with the highest doping concentration show a metal-type decrease of the resistivity with decreasing temperature.

We investigated Raman vibrational modes in silicon-germanium-tin layers grown epitaxially on germanium/silicon virtual substrates using reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition. Several excitation wavelengths were utilized to accurately analyze Raman shifts in ternary layers with uniform silicon and tin content in 4–19 and 2–12 at. % ranges, respectively. The excitation using a 633 nm laser was found to be optimal leading to a clear detection and an unambiguous identification of all first order modes in the alloy. The influence of both strain and composition on these modes is discussed. The strain in the layers is evaluated from Raman shifts and reciprocal space mapping data and the obtained results are discussed in the light of recent theoretical calculations.

Coherent interconnection of quantum bits remains an ongoing challenge in quantum information technology. Envisioned hardware to achieve this goal is based on semiconductor nanowire (NW) circuits, comprising individual NW devices that are linked through ballistic interconnects. However, maintaining the sensitive ballistic conduction and confinement conditions across NW intersections is a nontrivial problem. Here, we go beyond the characterization of a single NW device and demonstrate ballistic one-dimensional (1D) quantum transport in InAs NW cross-junctions, monolithically integrated on Si. Characteristic 1D conductance plateaus are resolved in field-effect measurements across up to four NW-junctions in series. The 1D ballistic transport and sub-band splitting is preserved for both crossing-directions. We show that the 1D modes of a single injection terminal can be distributed into multiple NW branches. We believe that NW cross-junctions are well-suited as cross-directional communication links for the reliable transfer of quantum information as required for quantum computational systems.