The ongoing electrification of public bus traffic in cities improves the local air quality and can help to reduce CO 2 emissions. Besides several operational challenges, an appropriate grid integration of battery electric buses (BEBs) is crucial to maintain a safe and stable operation of the distribution grid. Increasing charging powers of up to 600 kW may complicate the situation further. The objective of this study is to evaluate the grid impacts of three different bus charging methods -Every Station Charging, End Station Charging and Overnight Charging -on a typical urban European distribution grid. Therefore, the charging behavior of an electric bus line was modeled with a time resolution of one second and then connected to a large grid simulation. Multiple scenario modifications have been discussed, such as increasing the number of electrified bus lines, taking into account photovoltaics, and charging in the LV grid instead. Results show that the tested grid is capable of integrating BEBs in most situations, while Every Station Charging causes higher simultaneity of charging and larger voltage drops than the other scenarios. Moreover, LV charging shows to be unsuitable for high power charging. To conclude, the results of the simulations offer a solid basis for considerations regarding the electrification of public bus routes.
Innovative Regelungen in Gebäuden können beachtliche Energieeinsparungen zur Folge haben. Besonderes Augenmerk ist hierbei auf Gebäude gelegt, die in einem gesteigerten Maße von ihrer Umwelt thermisch entkoppelt sind: dazu wird ein nach Passivhausstandard gebautes, real existierendes Bürogebäude modelliert, das Modell mit Monitoring‐Daten validiert und simuliert. Anhand der Simulationen mit der Simulationsumgebung TRNSYS und der Hinzunahme von gemessenen Wetterdaten werden mögliche Energieeinsparpotentiale erkannt und ausgewertet. In dieser Betrachtung, die den Zeitraum eines kompletten Jahres (Zeitraum 2009/2010) beinhaltet, liegt der Fokus auf Energieeinsparungen, die durch intelligentes Heizen und Kühlen des Gebäudes erzielt werden können.Potential for saving energy in a Passivhaus building, taking into account weather forecasts. Innovative controls in buildings can lead to remarkable energy savings. The main focus of this paper is on buildings that are highly thermally insulated from their environment: the model is based on an existing building that was built to Passivhaus standard, and then validated with monitoring data and simulated. By adding actual, measured weather data in the simulations (which were done in the TRNSYS simulation environment) potential energy savings are identified and evaluated. In this analysis, which covers a full year (2009/2010), we concentrate on energy savings in the building’s heating and cooling systems.
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