Objective. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score of two self-etching no-mix adhesives (iBond™ and Scotchbond™) on different prosthetic surfaces and enamel, in comparison with the commonly used total etch system Transbond XT™. Materials and Methods. A total of 270 surfaces (1 enamel and 8 restorative surfaces, n = 30) were randomly divided into three adhesive groups. In group 1 (control) brackets were bonded with Transbond XT primer. In the experimental groups iBond adhesive (group 2) and Scotchbond Universal adhesive (group 3) were used. The SBS was measured using a Zwicki 1120™ testing machine. The ARI and SBS were compared statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis test (P ≤ 0.05). Results. Significant differences in SBS and ARI were found between the control group and experimental groups. Conclusions. Transbond XT showed the highest SBS on human enamel. Scotchbond Universal on average provides the best bonding on all other types of surface (metal, composite, and porcelain), with no need for additional primers. It might therefore be helpful for simplifying bonding in orthodontic procedures on restorative materials in patients. If metal brackets have to be bonded to a metal surface, the use of a dual-curing resin is recommended.
Using the two self-etching no-mix adhesives (Prompt L-Pop™ and Scotchbond™) for orthodontic appliances does not affect either the SBS or ARI scores in comparison with the commonly used total-etch system Transbond™ XT. In addition, Scotchbond™ Universal supports bonding on all types of surfaces (enamel, metal, composite, and porcelain) with no need for additional primers. It might therefore be helpful for simplifying bonding in orthodontic procedures.
BackgroundTo determine the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index of a new premixed self-etching primer and adhesive (Tectosan, BonaDent, Germany) for orthodontic appliances in comparison to a reference total-etch system Transbond XT.MethodsBovine incisors were embedded in resin and randomly divided into two groups of 16 samples each. Brackets (Discovery, Dentaurum, Germany) were bonded in group 1 (total-etch-system, Transbond XT) and in group 2 (self-etch-system, Tectosan) with curing light for 40 s. Shear bonding strengths were measured after 24 h of storage in distilled water at 37 °C with a Zwicki 1120 testing machine (Zwick Roell, Germany). A force was applied on the bracket base at the wings in occluso-gingival direction. Then the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined.ResultsNo statistical differences on SBS were found for both bonding agents (p = 0.63). ARI scores however differed statistically significantly (p = 0.035): in the total-etch group more adhesive remained on the teeth, whereas in the self-etch group more adhesive remained on the brackets. There were no visible enamel damages in both groups.ConclusionsNo differences in the shear bond strength were found between both bonding agents. In our study the self-etch-system shifted the adhesive remnant index from more adhesive on the teeth to more adhesive on the bracket - as other already published self-etch systems did - with the new benefit of not increased enamel damages. Tectosan might therefore be a promising alternative to adhesive systems.
Given our findings of a pain-reducing effect in young patients undergoing orthodontic separation during the early mixed-dentition stage, LLLT is an interesting alternative option of providing analgesia even in very young patients.
BackgroundThe aim of this study was to use three-dimensional datasets to identify associations between treatment for adult crowding, using Invisalign aligner and interproximal enamel reduction (IER), and changes in the volume of interradicular bone.MethodsA total of 60 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 30 adult patients (28 women, two men; 30 CBCTs pre-treatment, 30 post-treatment) were examined retrospectively in order to measure bone volume three-dimensionally. The patients’ average age was 36.03 ± 9.7 years. The interradicular bone volume was measured with OsiriX at four levels in the anterior tooth areas of the maxilla and mandible. Differences in bone between T0 and T1 were analyzed with IBM SPSS 21.0 using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples.ResultsOverall, a slight increase in the quantity of bone was found (0.12 ± 0.73 mm). There was a highly significant increase in bone in the mandible (0.40 ± 0.62 mm; P < 0.001), while in the maxilla there was a slight loss of bone, which was highly significant in the apical third (− 0.16 ± 0.77 mm; P = 0.001).ConclusionsOverall, treatment for adult crowding using an aligner and IER appears to have a positive effect on interradicular bone volume, particularly in patients with severe grades of the condition (periodontally high-risk dentition). This effect is apparently independent of IER. This is extremely important with regard to the treatment outcome, since IER and root proximity have been matters of debate in the literature and teeth should remain firmly embedded in their alveolar sockets.
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