We have conducted a systematic review of home telecare for frail elderly people and for patients with chronic conditions. We searched 17 electronic databases, the reference lists of identified studies, conference proceedings and Websites for studies available in January 2006. We identified summaries of 8666 studies, which were assessed independently for relevance by two reviewers. Randomized controlled trials of any size and observational studies with 80 or more participants were eligible for inclusion if they examined the effects of using telecommunications technology to (a) monitor vital signs or safety and security in the home, or (b) provide information and support. The review included 68 randomized controlled trials (69%) and 30 observational studies with 80 or more participants (31%). Most studies focused on people with diabetes (31%) or heart failure (29%). Almost two-thirds (64%) of the studies originated in the US; more than half (55%) had been published within the previous three years. Based on the evidence reviewed, the most effective telecare interventions appear to be automated vital signs monitoring (for reducing health service use) and telephone follow-up by nurses (for improving clinical indicators and reducing health service use). The cost-effectiveness of these interventions was less certain. There is insufficient evidence about the effects of home safety and security alert systems. It is important to note that just because there is insufficient evidence about some interventions, this does not mean that those interventions have no effect.

Abstract'Telecare' is the use of information and communication technology to facilitate health and social care delivery to individuals in their own homes. Governments around the world are seeking to introduce telecare partly to help address the challenges posed by an ageing society. Telecare is inherently complex to implement and operate because it involves combination of technological and organisational innovation in an environment of diverse stakeholders.Using research on two telecare schemes in the UK, the paper explores the way project complexity, organisational context and project management approach interacted during the planning and implementation phases. The paper discusses how insights from research in related areas, including medical technology and service sector innovation in general, could help to explain why From: Technovation (forthcoming) NOT TO BE QUOTED WITHOUT PERMISSION 2 mainstream telecare delivery has been difficult and draws conclusions on the role of project management in the implementation of innovation.

The provision of health and social care for an increasing elderly population is a challenge facing many societies. Telecare, the delivery of health and social care to individuals within the home or wider community, with the support of information and communication technologies, has been advocated as an approach to reduce the rise in the number of elderly people in institutional care and to contain costs. A dynamic model is required to understand the systemic impact of telecare implementation over time. The paper cautions against overoptimistic expectations about the impact of telecare in the short term and emphasises that the benefits for healthcare systems may take a considerable time to be realised.

Telecare' involves the use of information and communications technologies to provide support for vulnerable individuals living in the community. The UK government wishes to make telecare available in all homes that need it by 2010. This expansion is seen as central to the improvement of older people's independence and quality of life by enabling them to live at home whenever possible. The paper discusses the range of initiatives now in place to facilitate the introduction of telecare in the UK. It argues that while there is now experience of telecare through pilot and demonstration schemes, moving to mainstream service delivery is far from straightforward. Using a case study of a telecare scheme, along with supplementary data from other schemes, the paper explores the reasons why it may be hard to meet government objectives. These include the organisational and cultural characteristics of local care institutions and the complexity of scheme objectives. It draws conclusions on the challenges in meeting aspirations for mass telecare over the next decade and on the future role of the housing stock in care provision.

The availability of remote care services can significantly reduce road travel and associated emissions. At a time when many countries are committed to reducing their carbon footprint, it is desirable to explore how these reductions could be incorporated into technology assessments and economic evaluations.

The UK government wishes to deploy a mainstream telecare service by 2010. We believe that it will be necessary to overcome the organizational and structural barriers to such an implementation. A better understanding of the effect of telecare across the care system as a whole will also be needed. In the absence of rigorous data from trials and because of the time taken for systemic effects to emerge, the evidence for the benefits of telecare needs to be explored through simulation modelling.

This study compares projections, up to year 2040, of young-old (aged 60-79) and old-old (aged 80+) with functional disability in Singapore with and without accounting for the changing educational composition of the Singaporean elderly. Two multi-state population models, with and without accounting for educational composition respectively, were developed, parameterized with age-gender-(education)-specific transition probabilities (between active, functional disability and death states) estimated from two waves (2009 and 2011) of a nationally representative survey of community-dwelling Singaporeans aged ≥60 years (N=4,990). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis with the bootstrap method was used to obtain the 95% confidence interval of the transition probabilities. Not accounting for educational composition overestimated the young-old with functional disability by 65 percent and underestimated the old-old by 20 percent in 2040. Accounting for educational composition, the proportion of old-old with functional disability increased from 40.8 percent in 2000 to 64.4 percent by 2040; not accounting for educational composition, the proportion in 2040 was 49.4 percent. Since the health profiles, and hence care needs, of the old-old differ from those of the young-old, health care service utilization and expenditure and the demand for formal and informal caregiving will be affected, impacting health and long-term care policy.

The economy of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is highly dependent on tourism and travel sector. Under the impact of COVID-19, these islands have suffered strongly. Possible recovery strategies are tested through exploring the concept of risk perception as an important factor to influence the behaviour intention under the framework of theory of planned behaviour (TPB). A behavioural simulation is built to help evaluate tourism policies. This paper takes Maldives as an example. Four strategies are tested in the model: social distancing, tax reduction strategy, travel bubble strategy and joint strategy. The results show that the most effective way to change tourist behaviour intention is the travel bubble strategy. The results also indicate that the reduction in tourism arrivals may bring opportunities for local ecosystem recovery. This study exemplifies the advantage of using the system dynamics approach when the past pattern is not a good predictor for the future by making predictions based on how the system works.